Bibliografia naukometryczno-bibliometryczno-informetryczna (wybór)

Introduction:Reassessing the Strand Magazine, 1891–1918 Emma Liggins and Minna Vuohelainen "THE STRAND to some extent revolutionized Magazines in this country," the hundredth issue of the Strand Magazine (1891–1950) boldly declared in 1899.1 Since its inception in January 1891, George Newnes's heavily illustrated sixpenny monthly had offered its readers outstanding value for money. The magazine's satisfying mix of short fiction, serialised novels, illustrated interviews, puzzles, scientific curiosities, travel writing, and articles about celebrities and the royal family ensured its continued popularity well into the twentieth century. In 1966 the Strand's final editor and biographer, Reginald Pound, described the monthly as a British "national institution" that was "as much a symbol of immutable British order as Bank Holidays and the Changing of the Guard."2 Yet this leading British fiction monthly that endured for six decades has received relatively little sustained scholarly attention. This special issue of Victorian Periodicals Review reassesses the significance of the Strand in the British cultural imagination from the 1890s to the end of the First World War. The essays collected here explore the heterogeneity and cultural readability of this key periodical, including its editorial policies; use of illustration; intertextual mixture of fictional, factual, and human-interest material; participation in socio-cultural debates; and construction of reader communities and readerly identities. These essays seek to shed light on some of the forgotten contributors, artists, and personalities who helped to establish the Strand's leading position in the periodical market in the first half of its sixty-year run. Together, they demonstrate the Strand's significant contributions to British middlebrow culture in diverse fields including the short story form, genre fiction, continental fiction in translation, illustration, celebrity culture, science and communications technology, spiritualism, and war journalism. [End Page 221] A somewhat nebulous term, the "middlebrow" carries negative associations with unambitious popular culture aimed at a culturally conservative audience in search of social respectability and inexpensive, unintellectual leisure pursuits.3 Middlebrow culture is usually seen as reflecting rather than shaping contemporary trends and debates, and its consumers are perceived as conservative followers rather than radical modernisers. In an academic culture that valorises novelty, experimentation, transgression, and rupture, the middlebrow is often dismissed as unworthy of serious scholarship. As Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor note, until relatively recently scholars have also neglected the illustrated press, which targeted newly literate and middlebrow readers, as reflective and passive rather than active and innovative.4 By reassessing the Strand's contributions to British culture at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, this special issue seeks to extend current critical approaches to middlebrow culture. While the essays identify instances in which the Strand conformed to middlebrow tastes and confirmed existing notions of respectability, they also reveal how the magazine shaped readerly identities, contributed to artistic developments, and influenced or questioned current intellectual, artistic, and social debates. Readership Communities Founded in 1891 by the enterprising publisher George Newnes (1855–1910), who had made his fortune from the penny weekly Tit-Bits (1881–1984), the Strand Magazine was launched as a British alternative to the American Scribner's and Harper's.5 At sixpence, the Strand offered its readers 112, later 120, heavily illustrated two-columned pages of "cheap, healthful literature" per month, consisting of a varied diet of "stories and articles by the best British writers, and special translations from the first foreign authors … illustrated by eminent artists."6 By 1896 its circulation had reached approximately 400,000 and would remain at this level through the early twentieth century and the First World War.7 The Strand relied on the commercial acumen of Newnes, who famously claimed to be "the average man" and thus to know his leisure needs.8 "Few firms," the Literary Year-Book observed of Newnes's publishing empire in 1897, "can boast the attention of so wide a circle of general readers."9 The Strand enjoyed a remarkable degree of editorial continuity with Herbert Greenhough Smith (1855–1935) serving as literary editor from 1891 to 1930. Smith was eminently suited to this role because he was the Cambridge-educated son of an engineer and therefore "both a professional and an...

WAR MADE NEW Technology, Warfare and the Course of History, 1500 to Today Max Boot New York: Gotham Books, 2006. 640PP, US$35.00 cloth ISBN 1-592-40222-4This is a sweeping and ambitious book that takes aim at the current debates about the future of warfare. Max Boot, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and author of the notable Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (2002), has looked to the past to inform the reader about what can come to pass. Unsurprisingly, he concludes that despite the rapidly increasing pace and cost of military-technological innovation, the United States needs to continue to innovate to dominate the entire spectrum of military power if it hopes to retain its qualitative lead and great power status (472). Though reaching across a far greater spread of time, Boot's account reflects the intensifying concern among current military analysts over the preservation of US military strength, and is in company with similar recent studies such as Fred Kagan's Finding the Target (2006) and Thomas Mahnken's Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945 (2008).In War Made New, Boot takes the whole modem era (since 1500) for his scope and distils from it four key eras of change, or revolutions, in the character of warfare. The first is what he terms the gunpowder revolution, ranging from the early 1500s to the early 1800s and characterized by the widespread adoption of firearms on land and sea and the corresponding organizational changes that gave European nations great military strength over most other parts of the world. Boot follows this with the industrial revolution, largely the 19th century to the First World War and reflected in the integration of changes in steam transportation and wire communications, as well as mass-produced complex rifled weaponry. The third period he identifies as a second industrial revolution, reflecting the substantive technological changes in industrial societies in the 1920s to the 1940s and culminating in World War II and the hegemonic transfer of power away from central and western Europe to the United States and the Soviet Union. Boot then examines what he sees as the fourth major era, the current information revolution. (He specifically sets aside nuclear weapons as not having had much direct effect on warfare.) Boot does not attempt to recount the developments in each era closely - this is not a rewrite of Paul Kennedy's Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) - but instead retells several key battles in each revolutionary period to illustrate his point. The focus of his analysis is clearly on military technology and how its adaptation by various successive powers changed the character of war and their strategic position. Despite the book's heft, the narrowness ofthat focus will make the reader question at times Boot's argument about how influential certain innovations truly were compared with the deeper underlying roots of a nation's military strength (such as economics, politics, and sociocultural trends) that shaped the great powers' ability to adopt and adapt the new tools of war to maximum effectiveness. …

A comparison of DRO to movement suppression time-out and DRO with two self-injurious and aggressive mentally retarded adults

In addition to their core explanatory and predictive assumptions, scientific models include simplifying assumptions, which function as idealizations, approximations, and abstractions. There are methods to investigate whether simplifying assumptions bias the results of models, such as robustness analyses. However, the equally important issue – the focus of this paper – has received less attention, namely, what are the methodological and epistemic strengths and limitations associated with different simplifying assumptions. I concentrate on one type of simplifying assumption, the use of mega parameters as abstractions in ecological models. First, I argue that there are two kinds of mega parameters qua abstractions, sufficient parameters and aggregative parameters, which have gone unnoticed in the literature. The two are associated with different heuristics, holism and reductionism, which many view as incompatible. Second, I will provide a different analysis of abstractions and the associated heuristics than previous authors. Reductionism and holism and the accompanying abstractions have different methodological and epistemic functions, strengths, and limitations, and the heuristics should be viewed as providing complementary research perspectives of cognitively limited beings. This is then, third, used as a premise to argue for epistemic and methodological pluralism in theoretical ecology. Finally, the presented taxonomy of abstractions is used to comment on the current debate whether mechanistic accounts of explanation are compatible with the use of abstractions. This debate has suffered from an abstract discussion of abstractions. With a better taxonomy of abstractions the debate can be resolved.

Editorial Comment

Moving beyond the child care debate toward implications for social and political agendas

This Article explores a fundamental aspect of modern international investment law: its remedy to enforce a breach. I argue that investorstate arbitration is subject to different conceptualizations that may animate the way in which adjudicators understand what type of right is conferred to investors when granted the invocation of responsibility against a host state. I explore the consequences of the three distinct conceptualizations (i.e., direct right, beneficiary right, or agency) by reference to the current debate regarding to whom countermeasures are opposable under international law. I show how the three dimensions imply that the construction of substantive law entails important assumptions about the procedures that will apply when that substantive law is ultimately enforced. In this sense, the Article evidences some of the methodological limitations of the ‘procedural-substantive’ distinction often encountered in international law analysis. * Associate Professor, James E. Rogers College of Law, University of Arizona (July 2014); formerly Counsel at ICSID and Teaching Fellow at Duke and Stanford Law Schools. I would like to thank Negar Katirai, Joost Pauwelyn, and Lucy Seyfarth. I am obliged to disclose that between 2007 and 2010 I worked as counsel in the World Bank’s legal vice-presidency and ICSID’s secretariat. Also, between 2004 and 2006 I acted as a counsel for Corn Products International Inc., the claimant in one case discussed in this chapter. An abridged version of this Article will also appear in THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: BRINGING THEORY INTO PRACTICE, Z. DOUGLAS, J. PAUWELYN, AND J. E. VINUALES, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OUP (2014). All errors are mine. 1 Puig: No Right Without a Remedy: Foundations of Investor-State Arbitrat Published by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, 2014 04_PUIG (DO NOT DELETE) 6/4/2014 2:18 AM 830 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. [Vol. 35:3

Whether or not to spank children as a discipline practice is controversial among lay and professional audiences alike. This article highlights different views of spanking, key conclusions about its effects, and methodological limitations of the research and the resulting ambiguities that fuel the current debate and plague interpretation. We propose an expanded research agenda to address questions about the goals of parental discipline; the role, if any, that punishment plays in achieving these goals; the effects and side effects of alternative discipline practices; and the impact of punishment on underlying developmental processes.