Beyond the cradle: effects of family income in the first 1,000 days on educational achievement later in life

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected all areas of human life, especially in the economic sector, which in turn will affect household consumption, and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of family food security in the northern Surabaya area during the covid 19 pandemic, job changes, changes in family income and the efforts made to deal with changes in income. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional study design. The population of this study is the entire population who live in the area of ​​North Surabaya. The research sample was calculated using the Slovin formula, a minimum sample of 100 samples, to anticipate dropouts, it was added to 120 samples which were then divided evenly into five sub-districts in the North Surabaya area, namely Semampir, Krembangan, Kenjeran, Bulak, and Pabean Cantian. Data collection on food security using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) instrument, data on changes in employment and family income using a questionnaire. Most of the respondents in North Surabaya are from food-insecure families (56.67%) and 20.83% of them are severe food insecure families. As many as 12.50% of the fathers in the respondent's families experienced a job change during this pandemic and more than half of the head of the family (56.67%) experienced a lower-income change. Most respondents try to deal with changes in income by making savings. Keywords: Food security, Household food security, Covid-19 pandemic

Surgical versus medical therapy for treatment of unstable angina: Changes in work status and family income

Gains in income during early childhood are associated with decreases in BMI z scores among children in the United States

The current study intended to answer two main questions: First, do parenting behaviors change as family income changes? Second, if changes in family income are associated with changes in parenting behaviors, is this association different for families of various poverty statuses and ethnicities? Secondary data analyses were conducted using data from Phases I and II of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. The authors found family income increase to predict decreased maternal detachment and negative regard but bears no relation to maternal sensitivity or stimulation of development. Changes in family income also predicted changes in parenting behaviors especially strongly for poor, Hispanic and White families. Implications for parenting research and public policy are discussed.

To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on insomnia and other sleep disturbances in health care professionals. A survey was distributed using social media and organizational emails to Brazilian active health care professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. We explored potential associated factors including age, sex, occupation, workplace, work hours, income, previous infection with COVID-19, recent/current contact with COVID-19 patients, regional number of incident deaths, anxiety, and burnout. We evaluated new-onset/previous insomnia worsening episodes (primary outcome), new pharmacological treatments, sleep quality, duration, nightmares, and snoring (secondary outcomes). A total of 4,384 health professionals from all regions of the country were included in the analysis (44 ± 12 years, 76% females, 53.8% physicians). Overall, 55.7% were assisting patients with COVID-19, and 9.2% had a previous COVID-19 infection. The primary outcome occurred in 32.9% of respondents in parallel to 13% new pharmacological treatments for insomnia. The sleep quality worsened for 61.4%, while 43.5% and 22.8% reported ≥ 1-hour sleep duration reduction and worsening or new-onset nightmares, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.008; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.001-1.015), females (OR: 1.590; 95% CI 1.335-1.900), weight change (decrease: OR: 1.772; 95% CI 1.453-2.161; increase: OR: 1.468; 95% CI 1.249-1.728), prevalent anxiety (OR: 3.414; 95% CI 2.954-3.948), new-onset burnout (OR: 1.761; 95% CI 1.489-2.083), family income reduction > 30% (OR: 1.288; 95% CI 1.069-1.553), and assisting patients with COVID-19 (OR: 1.275; 95% CI 1.081-1.506) were independently associated with new-onset or worsening of previous insomnia episodes. We observed a huge burden of insomnia episodes and other sleep disturbances in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drager LF, Pachito DV, Moreno CRC, etal. Insomnia episodes, new-onset pharmacological treatments, and other sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Brazilian health care professionals. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(2):373-382.

The ordinary barometers of ill health—death rates and reports of communicable diseases—do not indicate that harmful effects of the depression upon the health of the population as a whole have taken place. The comfortable conclusion is drawn by many that the physical well-being of the American people not only has not suffered but, in view of the continued decline in mortality, may have been benefited, by the economic catastrophe. Such a conclusion, based upon mortality statistics alone, obviously is open to question. Death rates are not sensitive indices of the immediate effects of deleterious conditions. Even if they were, existing mortality and population records are not available in such form as to yield the very essential information as to whether any economic group has experienced a higher mortality than other groups. What we need, in appraising the depression's cost in ill health, are more efficient indices of physical and mental impairment in order to determine whether or not population groups whose economic status was most severely affected are suffering damages to health and what the nature and extent of these damages are. Only in this way can reasonably accurate appraisal be made. Among the now well recognized indices of ill health are records of sickness. When properly obtained and analyzed, they reveal some of the reactions of human beings to immediate environmental factors in a far more sensitive degree than the gross death rate or even mortality by cause can possibly do. Since no national system for the registration of sickness exists, special records must be collected, a difficulty not without its advantages since it permits information to be obtained for such groups and in such detail as may be desired. One phase of the study of health and the depression by the United States Public Health Service and the Milbank Memorial Fund utilized this method extensively. A sickness and mortality survey was made in 1933 of some 12,000 wage-earning families which had suffered from the depression in varying degrees of severity. Among the more important specific purposes of the survey were the following: To ascertain whether or not there is any association between income changes during the depression and ill health as measured by morbidity and mortality. If such an association exists, to discover what kinds of sickness and causes of death are chiefly responsible for the association. To determine the amount and kinds of medical care received by various economic classes of the people. Ten localities were included in the survey. The present paper gives some of the preliminary results for the first three cities for which tabulations have been made—Birmingham, Detroit, and Pittsburgh.

We examined within-person associations between changes in family income and women's depressive symptoms during the first 3 years after childbirth. Data were analyzed for 1351 women (mean baseline age = 28.13 years) who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Nineteen percent of these women belonged to an ethnic minority, and 35% were poor at some time during the study. Changes in income and poverty status were significantly associated with changes in depressive symptoms. Effects were greatest for chronically poor women and for women who perceived fewer costs associated with their employment. Given that women head most poor households in the United States, our findings indicate that reductions in poverty would have mental health benefits for women and families.

Plain Language SummaryDental caries is a common condition in young children that, if left untreated, can cause pain and lead to other health complications. This study investigates the impact of changes in family income and education – both across generations and within the same generation – on the likelihood of untreated dental caries at age 4. Researchers analyzed data from three longitudinal studies in Pelotas, Brazil, involving children, their mothers, and their grandmothers. The study examined whether variations in family income and education over time, both intergenerational and within a mother’s lifetime, were associated with untreated dental caries. The results indicated that children from families with consistently low income had the highest prevalence of untreated tooth decay. In contrast, those whose families experienced upward or downward income mobility had a slightly lower risk. However, children from families with financial instability within the same generation were twice as likely to have untreated cavities compared to those from consistently higher income households. These findings underscore the strong relationship between family financial stability and children’s oral health. Improving economic conditions, particularly in early childhood, may help reduce the prevalence of dental caries and promote better overall health outcomes for children.

This study investigated the intricate interplay between the level of motivation, academic performance, and the moderating effects of monthly family income among learners in Gumaca, Quezon. The first aspect focused on gauging the level of motivation among learners in Gumaca, Quezon. A comprehensive examination of motivational factors were conducted, encompassing aspects such as personal aspirations, educational goals, and social influences. Surveys method employed to collect data, providing a nuanced understanding of the motivational landscape. The second component delved into the academic performance of learners, analyzing their achievements, grades, and overall educational outcomes. The third dimension of the study explored the moderating effects of monthly family income on the relationship between motivation and academic performance. Through statistical analysis and regression modeling, the research aimed to elucidate how varying levels of family income influenced the strength and direction of the connection between motivation and academic success. By synthesizing these dimensions, this study sought to contribute valuable insights to educational policymakers, school administrators, and educators in Gumaca, Quezon. Understanding the nuanced dynamics of motivation and academic performance, particularly in the context of family income, can inform targeted interventions and support systems to enhance the educational experience and outcomes of learners in the region. The results revealed that the respondents' family income classification is low (but not poor), their academic achievement is excellent, and there is no significant relationship between the two variables. According to the data, students do not regard their family income position as a barrier to excellent academic achievement. The fact that a student is economically disadvantaged does not guarantee that they will perform poorly academically. The results of this research have the potential to teach educational policymakers and practitioners about the significance of family income in preserving students' academic outcomes, thus enhancing targeted initiatives aimed at increasing inclusion and equity in the educational system.

This study examined the role of 2 central aspects of family life--income and social support--in predicting concurrent happiness and change in happiness among 274 married adults across a 10-year period. The authors used hierarchical linear modeling to investigate the relationship between family income and happiness. Income had a small, positive impact on happiness, which diminished as income increased. In contrast, family social support, measured by 3 subscales, Cohesion, Expressiveness, and Conflict, showed a substantial, positive association with concurrent happiness, even after controlling for income. Furthermore, family income moderated the association between family social support and concurrent happiness; family social support was more strongly associated with happiness when family income was low than when family income was high. In addition, change in family social support was positively related to change in happiness, whereas change in family income was unrelated to change in happiness. These findings suggest that happiness can change and underscore the importance of exploring more deeply the role that family relationships play in facilitating such change.

"This study analyses changes in the average real income of families with children [in Canada] over the 1971-1987 period. It presents the factual basis with which to evaluate changes in incomes at a variety of positions along the income distribution, focusing on poverty and income inequality. The study presents the sources of family income changes by emphasizing: the contributions of wives' earnings which affect total family income, the incidence of poverty as well as time available for leisure and child care; the role of government's cash transfers and personal income taxes." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Family income from birth through adolescence: Implications for positive youth development

In considering the relation between population change and educational reform, investment in extra-school education can be a focal problem. In the 1990s, Japanese educational reform, and in particular cutbacks in the school curriculum, increased the need for investment in extra-school education, imposing a considerable burden on households. Also in this period, the advancement rate to higher education increased but the recession after the “bubble economy” may have led to an increased economic gap in educational achievement. Some researchers have pointed out that in spite of the declining birthrate in post-war Japan, the number of siblings was still a restrictive condition of educational achievement after controlling for social origin.In this paper, we first examined the relationship between the number of siblings and educational investment and achievement, using 2005 SSM (Social Stratification and Mobility) survey data. We found that for nearly all cohorts, both male and female, the number of siblings tended to be associated with a decrease in the experience rate of extra-school education. The number of siblings had a negative effect on investment in extra-school education. In spite of the popularization of investment into extra-school education and the declining birthrate, it seems that this negative effect of number of siblings on educational investment had endured in post-war Japan.We also found that educational investment had a stronger effect on educational achievement for the youngest cohort (born 1971-1985) than for previous cohorts. For the youngest male cohort, in particular, experience of extra-school education had a strong effect on academic achievement in junior high school, which in turn affected educational achievement. In this respect, it seems that investment to extra-school education has recently come to strengthen the “amplifying effect of meritocracy.”We then investigated the determinants of parents’ intention to make educational investment, and investment per month to their children. We found that parents’ experience of extra-school education had a major influence on their intention to make educational investments into their children after controlling for their educational levels and family income. However, educational investment per month was not determined by parents’ experience of extra-school education, but by family income and intention. We thus found that parents’ experience of extra-school education had an indirect influence on investment into extra-school education for their children through intention to provide educational investment.It has been pointed out that especially in metropolitan areas, academic achievements of children are affected by the level of monthly educational investment, which based on parent’s educational expectation and family income. This may mean that under the marketization of education, it may be that meritocracy is being substituted by “parentocracy,” i. e., a mechanisms under which parental wealth and educational expectations determine the educational achievement of children. It has also been pointed out that Japanese public expenditures on education are low by international standards and that this has imposed a heavy burden on households and accelerated the decline of the birthrate. In order to reduce both inequality in educational achievement and declining birthrate, increasing public expenditures on education may be a critical task.