Beyond Climate Security: Reframing the Climate‐War Nexus Through Bataille's General Economy

The trends of global temperature increase in the world due to excessive burning of fossil hydrocarbons are given. Excessive extraction and burning of fossil fuels (hard coal, petroleum products, natural gas) have led to an increase in their cost and climate change. About 40% of CO2 emissions today come from burning coal, 33% from oil refining products, and 22% from natural gas. An increase in CO2 content in the atmosphere leads to a drop in the Earth's surface temperature. At the global level, the world community has adopted three main international agreements on climate change: the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992); Kyoto Protocol (1997); Paris Agreement (2015). More than 190 countries have signed the Paris Agreement. Its main goals are to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and to keep the increase in the global average temperature below 2°C by 2100, preferably to 1.5°C. The construction industry is responsible for consumption of up to 40% of all energy. which are used in economies countries of the world In the summarized reports of experts at the 27th UN Conference on Climate Change (COP27), which took place in 2022 year in Egypt (Sharm el-Sheikh) it was stated that in 2022 1% more CO2 will be released into the atmosphere than in in 2021. The main volumes of greenhouse gas emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels. Brought comparative analysis of CO2 emissions when burning different types of fuel. The dynamics of the production of fossil fuels - hard coal, oil and natural gas - is studied, which indicates a significant decrease in their production and consumption. Modern approaches to the growth of RES volumes are considered, the dynamics of the growth of SPP capacities are given. On the basis of European experience, the prospects for the installation of balcony mini SPPs are shown. Individual heating systems and decentralization of engineering systems for providing housing help to increase their stability in adverse conditions. The organizational features of the transfer of the housing stock from a centralized heating system to individual electric and gas heating are revealed. Based on the analysis of the European experience of maintaining the housing stock, the main directions for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the existing housing stock are given.

The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future

Climate change and energy are clearly linked because of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from production and combustion of fossil fuels. Educational programs on climate change, however, have not developed robust curricula to help students see both the challenges and requirements for mitigating climate change, which requires a transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy used efficiently. A case review of disputes about exploratory hydraulic fracturing (fracking) for natural gas in Lancashire, UK, illustrates key points relevant to climate change, its mitigation, and energy transition. These points can be organized in a theoretical framework—political ecology—to construct chains of explanation that clarify issues underlying mitigation/transition pathways. Three lines of inquiry specify key issues: (a) the scale of energy challenges at national levels, (b) the relative strengths and weaknesses of competing primary energy sources, and (c) three budgets or constraints (Carbon, Energy, Investment). The framework and lines of inquiry identify key points for debates about mitigation and energy transitions. These findings derive from synthesis and analysis of scholarly literature, agency reports, and newspaper reports.

Climate change and generation of solid wastes are among the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. Concerns about the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels have promoted the use of alternative sources of energy. These include renewable biomass and organic wastes (both agricultural and post-consumer). Options include firing these alternative fuels in dedicated boilers or co-firing them with coal in existing coal-fired boilers, as such infrastructure is already available, and it only requires limited modifications. In both cases, knowledge on the details of the pyrolysis and combustion behaviors of these fuel types is needed. Thus, in this work investigations have been conducted where: (i) Torrefaction, pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of pulverized biomass (woody, herbaceous and crop wastes) were assessed. Pyrolysis and combustion of raw and torrefied biomass particles took place under high heating rates and temperatures, similar to those prevailing in utility furnaces. Using optical and scanning electron microscopy it was determined that biomass particles undergo fusion and melting, and thereby their typical initial needle shapes transform to spheroidal or elliptical shapes. (ii) Combustion details of biomass were investigated by burning individual biomass particles, both raw and torrefied, of a priori-know mass, size and shape, under experimental conditions that are suitable for utility boilers. Based on a combination of these experimental techniques and appropriate numerical modeling it was determined that torrefied biomass chars that are formed under high heating rates and high temperature conditions burned as thin-wall cenospheres. (iii) A methodology was established for finding the torrefied biomass grind size that is suitable for firing or co-firing with coal in existing pulverized fuel boilers. Based on pyrometric and cinematographic observations it was determined that the burnout times of biomass particles of nominal sizes smaller than 300 μm (Mesh 200) matched those of coal particles of 75-90 μm (Mesh 50), which is a size selected based on industry standards. Hence, grinding torrefied biomass to smaller particle sizes may not be necessary as it results in higher grinding costs (iv) A methodology was developed for lowering the emissions of greenhouse gases from co-firing of high-sulfur coals with low-sulfur coals of different ranks. It was found that high alkali content, highly fragmenting lignite coals can serve as effective sulfur sorbents for high sulfur bituminous coals. (v) A previously proposed method for "up-cycling" post-consumer wastes into the value-added products of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and gaseous fuels was improved to increase both their yields and their quality. Based on explored combinations of methods for pre-treating different types of stainless steel catalysts that increase the yield of CNTs from common waste plastics, it was found that the catalyst type, composition and pre-treatment method, as well as the type of feedstock, are all influential on the yields and physical characteristics of the synthesized CNTs.

A merely national ‘universal’ basic income and global justice

Fossil fuels supply about 85% of the world's primary energy, and future use would not appear limited by availability of reserves, especially of coal. Rather, future use of fossil fuels will likely be limited by controls on the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that are agreed to by the nations of the world. The increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past 200 years, mainly from fossil fuel combustion, is confidently thought to have increased global temperatures and induced other changes in Earth's climate, with the prospect of much more severe consequences from projected future emissions. Limiting such changes in Earth's climate would place major constraints on the combustion of fossil fuels and/or the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Developing effective and cost-effective strategies for limiting CO2 emissions requires the confident ability to project the changes in climate that would result from a given increase in atmospheric CO2. However, even the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST), the single most important index of climate change, that would result from a given increase in atmospheric CO2 remains uncertain to a factor of 2 or more, largely because of uncertainty in Earth's climate sensitivity, the change in GMST per change in radiative flux. This uncertainty in climate sensitivity, which gives rise to a comparable uncertainty in the shared global resource of the amount of fossil fuel that can be burned consonant with a given increase in global mean surface temperature, greatly limits the ability to effectively formulate strategies to limit climate change while meeting the world's future energy requirements. Key limits on determining climate sensitivity are the small change in downwelling longwave irradiance, less than one percent, that would give rise to changes in climate that reach the level of concern, the complexity of cloud processes and the difficulty of representing them in climate models, and limited understanding of the processes that control the radiative influences of atmospheric aerosols. A recent empirical calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity as the quotient of the relaxation time constant of GMST upon the effective heat capacity characterizing climate change on the multidecadal time scale points to a possible alternative approach to determining Earth's climate sensitivity. While improved knowledge of Earth's climate sensitivity is essential to development of optimal energy strategies, even for climate sensitivity at the low end of the range of present estimates, substantial reductions in CO2 emissions from their present values would be required to avert dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system that would otherwise occur well before the end of the present century.

Reforming fossil fuel subsidies requires a new approach to setting international commitments

Chapter 6: Insurance industry

Twin threats: climate change and zoonoses

The fate of humankind and all other life forms on earth is threatened by a foe, known as climate change. All parts of the world are affected directly or indirectly by this phenomenon. The rivers are drying up in some places and in other places, it is flooding. The global temperature is rising every year and the heat waves are taking many souls. The cloud of "extinction" is upon the majority of flora and fauna; even humans are prone to various fatal and life-shortening diseases from pollution. This is all caused by us. The so-called "development" by deforestation, releasing toxic chemicals into air and water, burning of fossil fuels in the name of industrialisation, and many others have made an irreversible cut in the heart of the environment. However, it is not too late; all of this could be healed back with the help of technology and our efforts together. As per the international climate reports, the average global temperature has increased by a little more than 1 °C since 1880s. The research is primarily focused on the use of machine learning and its algorithm to train a model that predicts the ice meltdown of a glacier, given the features using the Multivariate Linear Regression. The research strongly encourages the use of features by manipulating them to determine the feature with a major impact on the cause. The burning of coal and fossil fuels is the main source of pollution as per the study. The research focuses on the challenges to gather data that would be faced by the researchers and the requirement of the system for the development of the model. The study is aimed to spread awareness in society about the destruction we have caused and urges everyone to come forward and save the planet.

Burning of fossil fuels along with deforestation and ecological disruption have led to the warming of the Earth and climate change. Children are especially vulnerable to adverse health effects of climate change associated changes in the air, soil, and water as their organs are still developing, have a faster breathing rate, higher per pound ingested and inhaled exposures, and greater relative body surface area. To protect this vulnerable population, health care professionals need to play a leading role. In 2015, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated their original 2007 Global Climate Change and Children's Health policy statement (again updated in 2024) stating that, "failure to take prompt, substantive action would be an act of injustice to all children." Health care professionals need to educate themselves and their patients of the health risks posed by climate change and incorporate climate change counseling into their practice. They also need to go beyond the framework of the healthcare system and work collaboratively with communities, corporations, and governments to advocate for policies and solutions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The health and wellbeing of future generations rests upon the actions we take today. IMPACT: Summarizes the adverse effects of increased anthropogenic activity and burning of fossil fuels on planetary and human health Details the increased vulnerability of children to environmental assaults and their long-term effects Provides guidance and resources to health care professionals to empower them to act as advocates for systemic and structural changes that protect children's health.

Understanding the Climate Mitigation Benefits of Product Systems: Comment on “Using Attributional Life Cycle Assessment to Estimate Climate‐Change Mitigation…”

Climate change, sometimes called global warming, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperatures of the earth’s climate systems and its related effects. There are both natural and anthropogenic contributors to climate change. For example, volcanic eruptions are natural contributors and the burning of fossil fuels with the consequent release of greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. This is the largest human influence on global warming. This study attempted to assess the knowledge, contributory community practices, and perceived effects of climate change in a characteristic suburban community in Africa, where the majority of people are expected to have poor knowledge about the phenomenon. It was a cross-sectional study. The study population comprised townies in the Okada community, excluding students of Igbinedion University. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were the tools for data collection. Data analysis was done with IBM SPSS Version 21 and the level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. A total of 274 respondents participated. 82.1% of respondents had knowledge of climate change with TV/radio (51.1%) being the most widely reported source of information. More than half of the respondents recognized human activities and natural variability as responsible factors. Bush burning (33.3%), burning of fossil fuels (15.3%) [especially cooking gas] and deforestation (12.4%) were recognized anthropogenic contributors to climate change in Okada. Burning (70.1%) was the predominant method of waste disposal among respondents. Of the perceived effects, poor harvest and crop yield (77%) were the most feared effects of climate change to respondents.

There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth's surface is rising as a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere owing to human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas. This global warming will lead to substantial changes of climate, many of which will impact human communities in deleterious ways. In terms of the likely global pattern of climate change over the twenty-first century, in the absence of any mitigating action the global average temperature is likely to rise by between about 1˙5 and 5˙5°C and sea level by about half a metre (range 0˙1–0˙9 m). The hydrological cycle is likely to be more intense (leading in some places to more frequent and more intense floods and droughts) and the rate of climate change is likely to be substantially greater than the earth has experienced over at least the last ten thousand years. It is particularly to this rapid rate of change that it will be difficult for many ecosystems and for humans to adapt. Action has been taken by the world's scientists through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to assess as thoroughly as possible knowledge regarding the basic science and the impacts, including an assessment of the uncertainties. The world's governments have also taken action in setting up the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC ) at the Earth Summit in 1992 and at subsequent meetings of the parties to that convention, especially that at Kyoto in 1997. In order to mitigate climate change the FCCC in its article 2 has set the objective of stabilisation of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level and on a timescale consistent with the needs both of the environment and of sustainable development. Such stabilisation will eventually demand severe cuts in global emissions, for instance of carbon dioxide, to levels well below today's by the second half of the twenty-first century. To achieve the required reductions in the emissions of carbon dioxide, three possibilities are available, to sequester carbon dioxide resulting from the burning of fossil fuels rather than releasing it to the atmosphere, to become much more efficient in the generation and use of energy, and to provide for energy supply from non-fossil fuel sources. This article will summarise the science of climate change including the evidence for it and will describe the main impacts, the actions taken so far, and the further actions that are likely to be necessary to mitigate climate change.

There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth's surface is rising as a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere owing to human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas. This global warming will lead to substantial changes of climate, many of which will impact human communities in deleterious ways. In terms of the likely global pattern of climate change over the twenty-first century, in the absence of any mitigating action the global average temperature is likely to rise by between about 1˙5 and 5˙5°C and sea level by about half a metre (range 0˙1–0˙9 m). The hydrological cycle is likely to be more intense (leading in some places to more frequent and more intense floods and droughts) and the rate of climate change is likely to be substantially greater than the earth has experienced over at least the last ten thousand years. It is particularly to this rapid rate of change that it will be difficult for many ecosystems and for humans to adapt. Action has been taken by the world's scientists through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to assess as thoroughly as possible knowledge regarding the basic science and the impacts, including an assessment of the uncertainties. The world's governments have also taken action in setting up the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC ) at the Earth Summit in 1992 and at subsequent meetings of the parties to that convention, especially that at Kyoto in 1997. In order to mitigate climate change the FCCC in its article 2 has set the objective of stabilisation of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level and on a timescale consistent with the needs both of the environment and of sustainable development. Such stabilisation will eventually demand severe cuts in global emissions, for instance of carbon dioxide, to levels well below today's by the second half of the twenty-first century. To achieve the required reductions in the emissions of carbon dioxide, three possibilities are available, to sequester carbon dioxide resulting from the burning of fossil fuels rather than releasing it to the atmosphere, to become much more efficient in the generation and use of energy, and to provide for energy supply from non-fossil fuel sources. This article will summarise the science of climate change including the evidence for it and will describe the main impacts, the actions taken so far, and the further actions that are likely to be necessary to mitigate climate change.