Abstract
Modulation of cortical beta rhythm (15–30 Hz) is present during preparation for and execution of voluntary movements as well as during somatosensory stimulation. A rebound in beta synchronization is observed after the end of voluntary movements as well as after somatosensory stimulation and is believed to describe the return to baseline of sensorimotor networks. However, the contribution of efferent and afferent signals to the beta rebound remains poorly understood. Here, we applied electrical median nerve stimulation (MNS) to the right side followed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the left primary motor cortex after either 15 or 25 ms. Because the afferent volley reaches the somatosensory cortex after about 20 ms, TMS on the motor cortex was either anticipating or following the cortical arrival of the peripheral stimulus. We show modulations in different beta sub-bands and in both hemispheres, following a pattern of greater resynchronization when motor signals are paired with a peripheral one. The beta rebound in the left hemisphere (stimulated) is modulated in its lower frequency range when TMS precedes the cortical arrival of the afferent volley. In the right hemisphere (unstimulated), instead, the increase is limited to higher beta frequencies when TMS is delivered after the arrival of the afferent signal. In general, we demonstrate that the temporal integration of afferent and efferent signals plays a key role in the genesis of the beta rebound and that these signals may be carried in parallel by different beta sub-bands.
Highlights
Somatosensory and motor areas act in concert to organize and control movements
Beta Rebound: Temporal Integration Index have been linked to the preparation and execution of voluntary movements (Salmelin et al, 1995a; Pfurtscheller et al, 1996; Leocani et al, 1997; Cassim et al, 2001; Parkes et al, 2006) as well as imagined movements (Pfurtscheller et al, 2005)
The PMBR is linked to movement execution, a rebound in beta power can be induced in the absence of voluntary movement, such as in the case of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex (Chen et al, 1998; Aono et al, 2013; Takemi et al, 2013), passive movements (Cassim et al, 2001), or following somatosensory stimulations (Neuper and Pfurtscheller, 2001; Cheyne et al, 2003; Gaetz and Cheyne, 2006)
Summary
Somatosensory and motor areas act in concert to organize and control movements. These two cortical regions are highly interconnected (Nieuwenhuys et al, 2007; Catani et al, 2012), forming an integrated functional sensorimotor network (Lemon, 2008). The PMBR is linked to movement execution, a rebound in beta power can be induced in the absence of voluntary movement, such as in the case of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex (Chen et al, 1998; Aono et al, 2013; Takemi et al, 2013), passive movements (Cassim et al, 2001), or following somatosensory stimulations (Neuper and Pfurtscheller, 2001; Cheyne et al, 2003; Gaetz and Cheyne, 2006). The electrical peripheral stimulation of afferent pathways (i.e., median nerve stimulation or MNS; Salmelin and Hari, 1994a; Salenius et al, 1997) after an initial period of beta ERD is followed by a clear rebound in the same range
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