Beogradske interpolacije arhitekte Vojislava G. Kostića (1897-1959)

The paper examines the life and work of Stanko Horvatin, the head teacher (principal) of the public/elementary school in Gračani, which changed its name several times during its existence. The central time frame covers the period from 1913 to 1933, when Horvatin was active in the Gračani area, but the paper also covers earlier and later phases of his life. On the basis of archive material, the paper analyzes various aspects of Horvatin's life, from pedagogical work at school, to social involvement, political positions and everyday existential problems in family life. Horvatin's biography clearly reflects the educational system and its influence on the life of a Croatian village during the First World War and the interwar period. The paper also shows the status of Croatian teachers in relation to the political changes and regimes they were exposed to, as well as the challenges they faced as a result. In a broader context, changes caused by modernization can be observed in the Croatian countryside of Northwestern Croatia during the researched period.

Arhitektura Kotora u razdoblju između dva svjetska rata nije bila predmet cjelovitih historiografskih istraživanja. Cilj ovog rada, baziranog prije svega na analizi dostupne arhivske građe i međuratne periodike, jest uputiti na korpus arhitektonskih objekata, obilježja i protagoniste graditeljske djelatnosti međuratnog razdoblja. Analizirajući arhitektonske projekte i realizacije, kao i nacrte parcijalnih regulacijskih planova, urbana geneza se promatra i u svjetlu odnosa starog i novog, naslijeđene i moderne oblikovne koncepcije.

Prejudice against Jews was part of the political, cultural, economic and social landscape in the Union of South Africa long before Nazism made inroads into the country during the 1930s, at which stage Jews constituted approximately 4.5% of the country’s white or European population. Racial discrimination in a country with diversified racial elements and intense political complexities was synonymous with life in the Union long before Apartheid, with its strictly enforced legal, political and economic segregation, became the country’s official policy with the accession to power of the National Party under Prime Minister Dr Daniel François Malan in May 1948. Although the Jews, while maintaining their own sub-cultural identity, were classified within the country’s racial hierarchy as part of the privileged white minority, the emergence of recurrent anti-Jewish stereotypes and themes became manifest in a country permeated by the ideology of race and white superiority. This was exacerbated by the growth of a powerful Afrikaner nationalist movement, underpinned by conservative Calvinist theology. Fear of Communism in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the First World War; disquiet over the arrival of what was seen as disproportionately large numbers of Jewish immigrants during the 1920s; and the effects of the severe world-wide economic depression after the Wall Street stock market crash in October 1929, set the scene for an unprecedented period of antisemitic activity. This was reflected, in part, in legislation aimed at curbing Jewish immigration and the emergence of several antisemitic movements. This dissertation, which covers the period between the First and Second World Wars, explores the perception that South African antisemitism was a foreign import. Based on an examination of archival sources and contemporary publications, the study concludes that prejudice against the Jews was evident in the weltanschauung of right-wing and extremist Afrikaner nationalists long before the influence of Nazism became apparent and was not dependent on the influence of Nazi propagandists in the country. Aggressive Afrikaner nationalism along with economic antisemitism characterised the years between the end of the Great Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. Antisemitism became a significant issue in elections and towards the end of the 1930s opposition to Jewish immigration was included as an official plank in the political platform of the opposition Purified National Party. Jews were also banned from party membership in the Transvaal, where most Jews resided. Attempts by the South African Jewish Board of Deputies and its affiliates together with several non-Jewish organisations to counter the increasing influence of antisemitism, principally among the Right and Radical Right in the ranks of the Afrikaner nationalists, also marked the inter bellum period on which this study focuses.

The transition of the 19th into the 20th century in Serbian music history was a period of music criticism, journalism and essay writing. At that time, Serbian musicology had not yet been developed as an academic discipline. After WWI there were many more academic writings on this subject; therefore, the interwar period represents the beginning of Serbian music historiography. This paper analyses Serbian interwar music magazines as source material for the history of Serbian musicology. The following music magazines were published in Belgrade at the time: Muzicki glasnik (Music Herald, 1922), Muzika (Music, 1928-1929), Glasnik Muzickog drustva ?Stankovic? (Stankovic Music Society Herald, 1928-1934, 1938-1941; from January 1931. known as Muzicki glasnik /Music Herald/), Zvuk ( Sound, 1932-1936), Vesnik Juznoslovesnkog pevackog saveza (The South Slav Singing Union Courier, 1935-1936, 1938), Slavenska muzika ( Slavonic Music, 1939-1941), and Revija muzike (The Music Review, 1940). A great number of historical studies and writings on Serbian music were published in the interwar periodicals. A significant contribution was made above all to the study of Serbian musicians? biographies and bibliographies of the 19th century. Vladimir R. Djordjevic published several short biographies in Muzicki glasnik (1922) in an article called Ogled biografskog recnika srpskih muzicara (An Introduction to Serbian Musicians? Biographies). Writers on music obviously understood that the starting point in the study of Serbian music history had to be the composers? biographical data. Other magazines (such as Muzicki glasnik in 1928 and 1931, Zvuk, Vesnik Juznoslovenskog pevackog saveza, and Slavenska muzika) published a number of essays on distinguished Serbian and Yugoslav musicians of the 19th and 20th centuries, most of which deal with both composers? biographical data and analysis of their compositions. Their narrative style reflects the habits of 19th-century romanticism and positivism: in some of these writings the language also has an aesthetic function. Serbian interwar music magazines also published some archival documents contributing to the future research of Serbian music history. Interwar period in the then Yugoslavia was a time of rapid development and modernization in various fields of culture. There was a great demand for music writings of general interest. Therefore, Revija muzike (January - June 1940) was totally oriented towards the popularization of music and the arts (such as drama and film). This magazine also published some popular articles on music history. Serbian interwar music periodicals were least active in the field of musicological analysis. However, in 1934, Branko M. Dragutinovic published a detailed analytic study of Josip Slavenski?s composition Religiofonija (Religiophonics) in Zvuk. There were also some interdisciplinary history articles in Serbian interwar music magazines. Being well aware of the fact that music history comprises not only music itself, but also music writing, schools, institutions and music life, our music writers used ?indirect? sources, such as literature and art, as well as music. Serbian interwar music periodicals opened many fields of research, thus blazing a trail in postwar Serbian musicology.

Reviewed by: Mobilizing Mercy: A History of the Canadian Red Cross by Sarah Glassford Sasha Mullally Sarah Glassford. Mobilizing Mercy: A History of the Canadian Red Cross. McGill-Queen’s/Associated Medical Services Studies in the History of Medicine, Health, and Society. Quebec: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017. xx + 390 pp. $39.95 (978–0–7735–4775–9). Charitable and voluntary organizations are powerful social institutions, and many play an important role in shaping the history of health care. In Mobilizing Mercy, Sarah Glassford provides the first book-length, scholarly study of one such institution, the Canadian Red Cross Society (CRCS). Founded to provided mobile medical support for troops in the First World War, Glassford traces its evolution through war and peace over more than a half century. Over six chapters we learn how the organization filled many gaps in government aid and public health, from creating the nation’s first blood transfusion service to offering swimming lessons for Canadian youth. Moving back and forth between the organizational story and the perspective provided by influential leaders, Glassford articulately charts the social, political, and economic changes in the CRCS structure and mandate, making astute assessments of how this national organization both cultivated and deployed a Red Cross “brand” to maintain relevance. The organization continually tapped into the concerns of a wide range of key constituents across the voluntary health and social services landscape: middle-class women social reformers, education activists, clinicians in the armed forces, and government officials intent on creating a modern twentieth-century infrastructure for public health. Successful outreach meant the Canadian Red Cross Society could insert itself into many different and overlapping conversations about health, broadly defined, and authoritatively step in to influence the practical organization of services. In the interwar period, for instance, the CRCS continued to provide relief during periods of natural disaster, in the absence of regular and formal health service, and during epidemics. [End Page 711] The Second World War then refocused CRCS activities in support of the war effort, and the organization reached a high point of its status and institutional power. The activities of the largely female membership varied widely, and their history adds to our understanding of gender, work, and public life over these decades. Glassford industriously mined the local records of provincial Red Cross societies, uncovering many rich testimonials to CRCS volunteers’ work. Such records help us understand the affective and symbolic value of women’s wartime work, which underpinned the image of the Red Cross nurse that emerged and solidified at this time. Yet, the organization was engaged in a wide range of activities beyond nursing. Mobilizing Mercy is, in large part, a story of women in service work, including their struggle to carve out authoritative space in public life. Over the final years of the Second World War, the Red Cross took up the challenge of blood collection in Canada to support of the mobile hospital service units with blood serum. After the war, the CRCS continued this work, supplying the technical services to collect and distribute blood across the country to Canadian hospitals. They were so successful that, in 1959, the Red Cross began to receive substantial provincial and federal government funding to support these activities. In the two decades after war’s end, Canadian health care was increasingly underwritten by the state, including blood services. In this context, the voluntary organization attempted to fit within the emerging national system of publicly funded hospital treatment, and then physician services in private practice. The ability of the CRCS to continually reinvent itself, to negotiate its “philanthropic scope of practice,” and to adapt to new environments and public concerns, was key to its longevity. Glassford’s final chapter puts the CRCS at another crossroads, as the organization considered the challenges of reinventing itself for survival in late-twentieth-century Canada. Here, the discussion of CRCS activities and importance become more suggestive. A lack of secondary records hampered Glassford’s ability to assess the international work of the society, although she is able to describe in very broad terms the institutional framework that supported the “overseas humanitarian awakening” of the CRCS in the postwar decades (p. 244). She describes...

People in Motion: Introduction to Transnational Movements and Transwar Connections in the Anthropological and Genetic Study of Human Populations

Inventive and patent-licensing work is an integral part of the activities of engineering, technical, and scientific workers in all spheres of the national economy. One of the results (types) of scientific and technical creativity is invention, which allows technically gifted individuals to express themselves: scientists, engineers, students, and other technical workers. The use of modern technical means in agriculture, for example, unmanned aerial vehicles for technological operations, prompts the creation of new approaches and methods of their effective use, which is an urgent task for agricultural enterprises, scientific, and pedagogical workers, and students. The object of the research is the method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles, as an object of legal protection. The purpose of the research is to develop an effective method of spraying agricultural plants with means of protection against pests and diseases by unmanned aerial vehicles, which is the object of legal protection of industrial property. The objectives of the research are to perform an analysis of the concepts of creativity and inventive activity of a person as a form of self-realization and overcoming technical contradictions; to carry out an analysis of the concepts of the object of the invention - the process (method) as an object of legal protection; study of the laws of development of technical systems and development of a utility model of the technological system of an unmanned aerial vehicle; development of a method of spraying field crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The research methodology is based on the method of materialistic dialectics, methods of analysis, and synthesis of information from official sources and scientific research. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the inventive activity of engineering and scientific workers is an integral part of the development of scientific and technical progress as a whole. The creation of fundamentally new technologies and machines, and innovative solutions in all branches of the national economy will contribute to the rapid development of our state and its entry into the system of countries with developed market relations. The object subject to legal protection is analyzed. Features of the formula for the method are described. The research proposes a modern approach to the formation of an object of legal protection, namely, a method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The laws of the development of technical systems are considered and a utility model of the technological system is proposed, namely - the process of spraying agricultural plants with unmanned aerial vehicles. The target function of the technological system is described and the laws of development are proposed, which will allow obtaining the optimal values of the parameters of the optimization criteria. The proposed method of aerial chemical spraying of plants with the use of sprayer drones allows for effective chemical treatment of plant crops and minimizes the inefficient use of shift work time associated with moving a mobile vehicle, thus increasing the productivity of UAVs.

Reviewed by: Staging France between the World Wars: Performance, Politics, and the Transformation of the Theatrical Canon by McCready Susan Colin Foss McCready Susan. Staging France between the World Wars: Performance, Politics, and the Transformation of the Theatrical Canon. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016, 157 pp. Susan McCready's Staging France Between the World Wars: Performance, Politics, and the Transformation of the Theatrical Canon brings together two major discussions into a slim and engaging volume. Detailing an account of theater in times of war, McCready situates this story within the larger stakes of her book, arguing that changes to the mainstream or canonical French theatrical tradition in the interwar period took place thanks to the institutionalizing efforts of a band of directors: Jacques Copeau and the Cartel des quatre (Gaston Baty, Charles Dullin, Louis Jouvet, and Georges Pitoëff). Convincingly, she claims that these directors normalized theatrical modernity through a gradual redefinition of who could claim authorship of a performance. Specifically, these interwar directors "shifted emphasis from the verbal to the visual," (10) implicitly and often explicitly posing the metteur-en-scène as a "theatrical artist in his own right, apart from the author" (xiii). McCready's description of the legitimization of stagecraft ends with Copeau fully realizing his efforts to transform theatrical institutions, through his appointment as director of the ComédieFrançaise in 1940. The structure of Staging France subsumes the changes to theater performance wrought by the two World Wars within a broader history of institutions, showing how political events are internalized and processed by the stewards of cultural heritage. McCready's first chapter, "Subject to Interpretation," describes the theoretical tenets of the modern metteursen-scène Copeau and André Antoine, who viewed their performances as preserving authenticity, and defined authenticity as the returning of French classics to their historical and cultural specificity, unmooring them from their textual or verbal primacy. McCready focuses on this paradox—modernity [End Page 167] via historical sensitivity—as a central tension of a twentiethcentury querelle des anciens et des modernes. Another central distinction introduced in the first chapter, the preference of these interwar directors for French classics rather than contemporary plays, continues throughout the book. In Chapter 2, "Mobilizing the Canon," we find that the classics took on nationalist importance during the First World War, when French theater was enlisted to celebrate national heritage, becoming a "source of inspiration for its soldiers" (22). McCready presents a wide range of performances during the interwar period performed in France and in the United States, where Sara Bernhardt and Jacques Copeau were on tour as a sort of evangelizing mission for the French war effort. Mixing textual analysis with contextual writings of directors, actors, and authors, McCready argues that the plays themselves mattered less and garnered less critical and journalistic attention than the way they were performed. In chapters 3, 4, and 5, McCready offers a series of classic plays that were enlisted into the modernism of Copeau and the Cartel. These central chapters, which amount to a series of case studies of what could be called the visual turn of theater performance in the interwar period, allow McCready to showcase the various ways these directors applied their visual aesthetic and the equally varied responses they received from critics. Chapter 3 uses Molière as a litmus test for explaining the differing performance aesthetics of Copeau, Baty, and Jouvet. Chapter 4 uses productions of Racine and Shakespeare to introduce the politics of the interwar period, when directors de-politicized Shakespeare's foreignness against the backdrop of the fascist riots of 1934 and the Popular Front government of 19361937. Chapter 5 establishes the modernist directors as inheritors of the Romantic playwrights of the early nineteenth century, and ends with the modernist revival of Musset and Mérimée. With the dearth of quality contemporary authors to stage, these modernist directors reshaped Romantics into their own image. How did modernism become mainstream? Chapter 6 suggests that by the 1930s the directors of the Cartel benefitted from the comparison with the more radical avant-garde, particularly that of Antonin Artaud. Their relatively modest innovations, their reverence—albeit a modern reverence—for the canon, and their desire...

The paper highlights the problem of the growth of the segment of precarious employment in the work of researchers and the faculty, who work mainly in scientific and educational institutions (scientific and pedagogical workers). Besides the elements of precarious employment characteristic of the category of workers under consideration, the author considers the fixed-term nature of labor relations and the low level of the conditionally constant part of wages in the general structure of wages of scientific and pedagogical workers, which can be attributed to the legal prerequisites for the deterioration (precarization) of their labour regulation. In addition to the acts of federal legislation regulating the labor of scientific and pedagogical workers, the author analyzes the provisions of the relevant acts of social partnership for the period from 2015 untill 2023. The author highlights the problem of increasing the types of work included by the employer in the employment of the “second half of the day” of scientific and pedagogical workers without paying additional wages. The lack of legal regulation of the distribution of types of work performed by a scientific and pedagogical worker within a 36-hour working week is also noted by the author among the legal preconditions that, with appropriate law enforcement, worsen the conditions of employment of such workers due to the significantly increasing proportion of time that workers spend on achieving performance indicators and efficiency determined by the employer. In the conclusion of the paper, the author justifies amendments to the legislation in terms of regulating a fixed-term employment contract, establishing the share of guaranteed wages in the overall structure of wages, regulating the types of work included in the working hours of scientific and pedagogical workers at the level of a by-law, which cumulatively will promote sustainability of employment conditions for employees and improve their legal status.

For want of legislation, municipal architects in small Belgian towns were able to develop flourishing private practices until the Second World War. Their resulting, rather ambiguous, position in between public and private allowed them to influence interwar reconstruction efforts in myriad ways, from sweeping, top‐down projects led by the central government to local initiatives. More than has been acknowledged thus far the private practice of municipal architects seems to have influenced efforts to create aesthetically distinctive townscapes. This argument is advanced here with reference to the case of Dendermonde, a town heavily damaged during the First World War.

The relevance of the article is that Ukraine is a democratic state that establishes as a fundamental principle the rule of human and civil rights and freedoms. The Basic Law of our state regulates the limits of permissible behavior of all subjects of law, as well as establishes guarantees of observance and realization of their legitimate interests. The effectiveness of legal guarantees in labor law depends on the theoretical justification and justification of their choice and enshrined in labor law with further application in practice. The article substantiates the content and significance of leave of scientific and pedagogical workers and suggests ways to improve the procedure for their provision. The novelties of the draft Labor Code of Ukraine are considered: first - in contrast to the current legislation, fixed not one, two types of basic leave - the minimum and extended duration; secondly, the legislator singled out two new types of leave, in particular, additional leave for work on non-standard working hours; additional leave for work experience. It is established that the right to rest of scientific and pedagogical workers is directly related to the quality of educational services and the development of domestic science. Achieving positive results is impossible without realizing the labor, scientific, intellectual potential of scientific and pedagogical workers, and therefore their rest time, as a legal means of recovery, needs to be rethought and improved in accordance with the new requirements for education and science in Ukraine. The peculiarities of granting the main leave during the school year in case of necessity of sanatorium treatment of scientific and pedagogical workers are covered. However, if sanatorium-and-spa treatment of scientific and pedagogical workers is necessary, the annual basic leave or its part may be granted to these workers during the school year, if provided by the collective agreement, in order to comply with current legislation and ensure social protection of workers and creating a favorable psychological climate to continue working. The procedure for granting creative leave is outlined and ways to improve its legal regulation are proposed. The rationality of application of the norm on monetary compensation payment for unused part of the annual basic leave for scientific and pedagogical workers is proved, in the presence of confirmation of actual performance of work in the corresponding period, which coincides with the vacation period of the school year, which makes it impossible to exercise the right to annual basic leave in the period specified by applicable law and use its full duration of 56 days in the current year. Provisions to the draft Labor Code of Ukraine in terms of leave for research and teaching staff and the procedure for their provision are proposed.

The period of the First World War and interwar years was both a watershed for women and a period of backlash against women’s achievements. This chapter examines the possibilities, paradoxes, and challenges of military women’s lives and activities in the First World War and interwar years. It addresses the service of women physicians, nurses, and women workers with the military and voluntary organizations. The chapter assesses the activities of women in revolutionary, nationalist struggles and civil war beyond the First World War years. It analyzes the roles of women in the military in the interwar years and as veterans of military institutions. In France the Service de sante militaire worked with the Red Cross and Catholic nursing orders prior to the war and so plans were in place to mobilize nurses at the start of the conflict. Keywords:first world war; military; nurses; voluntary organizations; women auxiliaries; women physicians; women’s mobilization

Didžiojo karo veiksmų Rytų Prūsijoje poveikis Rusijos ir rusų kolektyvinių įvaizdžių turiniui, remiantis Vokietijos tekstualiniu 1914–1939 m. diskursu, analizuotas fragmentiškai ligšioliniuose tyrimuose. Todėl straipsnyje*, taikant metodologines įvaizdžių ir archetipų (Carlas Gustavas Jungas) teorijos bei karo psichologijos (Jennifer Diane Keene, Charlesas Webelis, Charlesas Fischeris) prieigas, siekiama atskleisti Rusijos ir rusų „invazijos“ Rytų Prūsijoje įvaizdžių, stereotipų bei mitologemų genezės prielaidas ir šių predikatinių nuostatų semantinius bruožus 1914–1939 m. Vokietijoje publikuotuose atsiminimuose apie Didįjį karą.

The work examines the issue of the peculiarities of the graphic representation of military life during the First and Second World Wars and in the interwar periods. The impact of military conflicts on art and the graphic reaction to the events of that time is analyzed. Accordingly, the purpose of the work is reduced to a comprehensive comparative analysis of the graphic representation of military life during the First and Second World Wars and in the interwar periods. The article reflects a variety of techniques for the visual transmission of military life, including drawing, painting, posters, and photographs. The desire for conventional forms of conveying images of war is due to the importance of symbolic subtexts. The role of art in the transmission of emotions, moods and messages about war events, as well as the influence of these representations on public opinion and consciousness, has been studied and defined. Changes in the graphic representation of military life during the period of the First and Second World Wars, from realistic images to more abstract and symbolic approaches, are studied. Due to this, the role of artists, photographers, and other creative personalities in shaping the image of military life is identified and it is shown how these changes reflect the social, political, and cultural changes of that time. The interaction of various ways of generalizing this problem with conventional methods of expression and innovations in stylistics is emphasized. Features of the Soviet poster, which characterized the development of this art form in the postwar period, are systematized. In general, the article offers an in-depth analysis of the graphic representation of military life during the First and Second World Wars and the interwar period. It promotes understanding of the importance of art and graphic images in reproducing historical events and reflecting the moods and emotions of the time.

The period since the end of the Second World War has now exceeded in length the period between the two World Wars. The time has thus perhaps come when it is possible to attempt an overall comparison of the two periods, of the types of threat to stability that arose in each, and of the differing strategies adopted to meet these.The interwar period is associated in the popular mind with the attempt to pursue peace through a policy of “appeasement.” This is the term traditionally used, primarily by hostile critics, and principally after the event, to describe the policy aimed to conciliate, rather than to coerce, those powers dissatisfied with the existing status quo. The policies so described, as is now generally recognized, were adopted by most of the governments concerned not primarily through crass refusal to face the facts of the situation or to summon the resolution necessary for active resistance.