Abstract
Hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials are commonly used in surgery to repair bone damage. However, the introduction of biomaterials into the body can cause metabolic alterations, including redox imbalance. Because vitamins D3 and K (K1, MK-4, MK-7) have pronounced osteoinductive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, it is suggested that they may reduce the adverse effects of biomaterials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamins D3 and K, used alone and in combination, on the redox metabolism of human osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19 cell line) cultured in the presence of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials (Maxgraft, Cerabone, Apatos, and Gen-Os). Culturing of the osteoblasts in the presence of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials resulted in oxidative stress manifested by increased production of reactive oxygen species and decrease of glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity. Such redox imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation manifested by an increase of 4-hydroxynonenal level, which is known to influence the growth of bone cells. Vitamins D3 and K were shown to help maintain redox balance and prevent lipid peroxidation in osteoblasts cultured with hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials. The strongest effect was observed for the combination of vitamin D3 and MK-7. Moreover, vitamins promoted growth of the osteoblasts, manifested by increased DNA biosynthesis. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of vitamins D3 and K may protect redox balance and support the growth of osteoblasts affected by hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials.
Highlights
Hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials possess osteoconductive properties and can act as three-dimensional scaffolds to support bone regeneration [1]
The results obtained show that the growth of osteoblasts was associated with a gradual increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, the largest increase being observed between the days 8 and 12 (Figure 1)
This study suggests that proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts in vitro was strongly influenced by redox balance, which might be altered in the presence of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials
Summary
Hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials possess osteoconductive properties and can act as three-dimensional scaffolds to support bone regeneration [1]. Introducing biomaterials into the body can lead to metabolic alterations. Interactions between osteoblasts and biomaterials may interfere with cellular metabolism, including redox balance leading to oxidative stress [2]. The ingredients released by biomaterials may take part in this activity [3,4]. Compounds released from bone substitutes can have adverse effects on the viability and function of osteoblasts, even in the absence of physical contact [2,5,6]. There is evidence that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by osteoblasts is increased in the presence of hydroxyapatite [7].
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