Beipiao migrants translated: migratory in-betweenness perpetuated by a beipiao translator

This study details the results of a qualitative investigation into the role and importance of spirituality, religion and traditional healing, as perceived by mental health practitioners working with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) individuals. A qualitative method was used to extract deeper meaning from discussion content. This was considered particularly important in catering to CALD communities, both in terms of how well they understood the meanings of questions, and how well they conveyed their intended meanings in responses. The histories of many practitioner participants in this study were informed by ongoing conflict in their home countries, where they reported distrusting government-run institutions. Many of them entered this study still bearing the emotional effects from their experience of war, and many also struggled with language and other cultural differences. In addition, some had strained relations with medical systems in their countries of origin. The research design therefore allowed for subtle nuances to be expressed during focus group discussions, and was sensitive to the cultural and socio-political issues plaguing these communities, both in Australia and abroad. Close attention was paid to building rapport and creating a safe environment for the full participation of each person. This is why transcultural mental health as a treatment approach was utilised to meaningfully examine the context in which people exist and the local and global implications of being estranged from one’s homeland. Research addressing sensitive topics with people from CALD backgrounds can present challenges that are difficult to address using conventional methods, as many of these communities may feel over-researched in a way that sets them up to feel exploited and more vulnerable to Western influence. Many of these people speak English as a second language, and so may feel that since they have been accepted into this country, they cannot disagree with what medical personnel ask of them. The study was carried out using informal community collaboration, the key factor to the success of this research, which optimised the development of research questions and engendered a trusting research environment. Most research in this field to date has been conducted from the perspective of Western medical practice; however, in contrast, this study gains insight into the perspectives of a range of CALD communities, in terms of how they address mental health issues within their respective communities. The study combined perspectives from a range of mental health practitioner participants, including professional and para-professional mental health workers from both CALD and non-CALD backgrounds. Services provided by these groups are routinely accessed by CALD people at the onset of their wellbeing issues. Participants included government and non-government mental health practitioners from various academic disciplines, and there was a balanced representation of gender and country of origin. As immigration is taking place globally at an unprecedented rate, consumers from many CALD communities are presenting in mental health systems with a range of emotional needs. As a result, mental health services are finding themselves faced with assessment and treatment challenges. The immigrant journey consists of complex resettlement issues often associated with visa status, ongoing grief and loss issues, and trauma from leaving one’s homeland for a host of ecological, socio-political or religious reasons. Immigration is often accompanied by stressful adaptation to a new host environment, which can be challenging even if the migrant is welcomed by their new country and given all the benefits of being able to begin a new life there. This study demonstrated that mental health practitioners working with CALD clients should approach treatment while considering the acculturation process involved in resettlement, as this may be more traumatic for the individual or community when they are not accepted, directly or indirectly, by the host environment. Such a situation, in which the individual or community has been taken away from everything familiar to them, often leads to an existential crisis. Many of these individuals are placed in detention or are left within the wider Brisbane community with no financial benefits or resources. This heightens their reliance on a higher power, as many feel they are stripped bare of all earthly relationships and possessions and left with only their spiritual, religious and traditional dimensions. The data from this study show clear evidence for the importance of spirituality, religion and traditional healing in transcultural mental healthcare, while at the same time pointing to a level of reluctance on the part of practitioners and management to fully integrate these issues into their approach. The CALD participants overwhelmingly agreed that spirituality, religion and traditional healing were essential cultural entities which form the foundation for who they are as people, and to forego these practices in, of all places, mental healthcare, would be counterproductive. The results from this study have implications for current and future mental health practice, for mental health policy, for training of mental health personnel and for future research.

Realism and Power in Mark Twain's

Development of a Statement on Autonomous Practice

Objective To describe the status of nurse work engagement and to explore the relationship between work engagement and work-related flow experience. The study results provided the basis for how the nurse managers stimulate enthusiasm of nurses and let them devote themselves to work. Methods A convenience sample of 127 nurses from one major hospitals in Beijing city was recruited. Work Engagement Scale and Work-related Flow Experience Questionnaire were used in this study. Results The scores of work engagement were (3.18±0.59), at moderate level. Age, education level and professional titles were the influential factors of nurses' work engagement. The scores of work-related flow experience were (3.48±0.45), at moderate level. The scores of clear goals, focus on tasks, balance of skills and challenges were the top three dimensions of the work-related Flow Experience Questionnaire. Except for the two dimensions, the integration of action and awareness and the weakening of self-awareness, other dimensions of the work-related flow experience appeared statistically significant correlation to the scores of work engagement (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Most were moderate positive correlations. Conclusions Both the work engagement and the work-related flow experience are at moderate level. The nurse managers needed to take active measures to enable nurses to have more positive experiences and happiness, so as to enhance nursing work input, to improve quality of care and job satisfaction. Key words: Nurses; Work engagement; Work-related flow experience

China, a country with a population of 1.37 billion (of which 19.51 percent are internal migrants), has recently experienced tremendous economic development, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 10 percent over the past 30 years. For more than 60 years, the present Hukou (household registration) system has operated as an important institution that regulates the mobility of the Chinese people and is used as a basis for distributing social services between rural and urban areas. Migrants experience vast inconsistencies caused by the country’s dual economic structure and the Hukou system. By illustrating how the Hukou system is constructed and functions as an institution, I will explain, why and how the Hukou system, has both temporal and spatial aspects through an institutional passage. Although migrants experience a shift in identity as they cross this passage in their transition from rural to urban life, they remain bound to a rural past based on where they were originally registered. Previous research has treated the Hukou system primarily as a mechanism of exclusion and segregation that leads to the construction of a ›dual society.‹ The main argument in this article, however, is that the Hukou system also implies an internal passage for the status transition which migrants may go through, consisting of at least three types: the ›Apartment – Hukou strategy, ‹ the ›Green Card strategy, ‹ and the ›Institutional strategy.‹

One of the few general concepts of European private law is the concept of the term consumer which can be found in various EC contract law directives as well as in the Brussels and Rome Conventions. There are, however, certain tensions between the concept of the term consumer and traditional civil law thinking. An analysis of these tensions leads to the argument that European Consumer Law directives could be transformed into national contract law more smoothly if these tensions can be avoided. Therefore this article argues that the term consumer should be construed in a way which is in accordance with basic principles of private law. Based on this anaylsis, the article discusses different concepts for an interpretation of the term consumer. This discussion leads to the conclusion: The best way to make European consumer contract law more compatible with national laws would be a construction of the term consumer which is based on legal interest analysis as opposed to purely sociological or economic concepts. Such a legal interest analysis has to take into consideration that according to sources of European law consumers are protected only in certain situations (e.g. doorstep selling; temptation by credit offers; use of preformulated contract terms). A common feature of these situations is that they create handicaps to freedom of contractual choice. As a consequence, a non-consumer is somebody who is able to cope with these handicaps because of his personal skills, his personal experiences or knowledge. The purpose of the term consumer is to typify those persons who lack such personal skills, experience or knowledge. This concept of consumer contracts is then applied to cases in which it is doubtful whether somebody can be called a consumer (e.g. credit contracts of a person who want to become self-employed or the sale of a whole business in order to retreat into private life or mixed contracts, with which somebody buys goods for both private and business use).

Objective To investigate the childbirth experience of vaginal delivery and provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of midwifery services. Methods From August to December in 2017, puerpera were selected from a ClassⅢ Grade A obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Beijing and a ClassⅢ Grade A general hospital using the convenient sampling method. General information questionnaire and Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0 (CEQ 2.0) were used to survey the participants within 72 hours after delivery. SPSS 23.0 was used for analysis. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed, and 240 valid questionnaires were returned. The response rate was 96.0%. Results The total score of childbirth experience was (78.30±9.21) , with perceived safety score of (17.52±3.21) , participation score of (12.06±2.24) , professional support score of (16.21±2.0) , own capability score of (20.44±3.47) . There was a statistically significant impact of expectation of childbirth method, being multipara, taking prenatal course, understanding of vaginal birth, fear or anxiety during delivery on the total score of childbirth experiences (P<0.05) . Conclusions Overall, the childbirth experience is good. Hospital staff should promote prenatal courses, provide maternity knowledge for patients, foster better understanding of delivery process, help establish appropriate childbirth expectations, reduce fear and anxiety associated with childbirth, and improve the childbirth experience. Key words: Parturition; Puerpera; Experience; Prenatal school; Influencing factor

Barriers to patient referral for Complementary and Alternative Medicines and its implications on interventions

In Patricia Williams' book, The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of Law Professor, Williams mentions a constitutional-law exam in which students are given lengthy text of hate-filled polemic entitled 'How To Be Jew-Nigger' and then told to use First Amendment to defend it.' Williams makes point that students taking such an exam, in this case especially Jewish and African-American students, are required to write against their own personal knowledge and experience. She notes that student who refuses to do this will receive lower grade, and guesses that everyone, including perhaps students of color, will rationalize this result away as an inability to 'think like lawyer.' 2 In this context, phrase thinking like lawyer means suppressing or denying one's feelings and personal experience while putting forth cold analysis of facts. Classical legal education celebrates reason and devalues emotion.3 Seeking to remove legal reasoning both from the political and from the personal, law professors traditionally shun openlyexpressed emotions in classroom. When classroom discussions raise deeply emotional issues, students who are able to dispassionately discuss

This study is an initial experiment which attempts to examine African novels in French and English with the aid of a number of critical concepts connected with point of view. It will however use these concepts to a special end: the examination of point of view will focus primarily on the relationship of the author with the fictional world he creates, and more especially with his characters; and it is hoped that from the study of his relationship with his fictional world it may be possible to make certain deductions about the relationship of the author with the real world that fiction represents. To attempt such a parallel between the creative novelistic process and the relationship of the author to the real world would hopefully be of special interest in the case of the African novel, given the somewhat special position of the African novelist vis-a-vis his society at present. 'Special position' refers of course to the fact--now a cliche--that he is in most cases a member of a Western-educated elite, and will therefore presumably stand at some distance from the majority of his people. The degree of that distance, and how capable and/or desirous he still is of bridging it, will surely manifest itself in his creative activity. And it is precisely with distance, in its many different forms, that a study of point of view attempts to deal. We might, then, when we consider a novel, ask ourselves the following questions: How wide is the author's range of characters? Does he offer us a panoramic view of society, embracing among other things both his own 'elite' class and the 'masses'? If so, are the representatives of the different layers of modem African society presented with equal depth? Is the author capable of imaginative penetration into classes and layers of society to which he himself no longer belongs? In other words, is he capable in his novel of imaginatively reducing the social distance between himself and others, or does he on the other hand tend to limit himself to his personal experience, in which case he will concentrate in his novel on the Western educated elite, and offer us less intimate insight into the workings of the rest of society?

To understand the current status and relative factors on knowledge, attitude, practice to contraception among college students in Beijing and to provide evidence for developing aimed contraceptive service and education in colleges. Quantitative surveys were employed, questionnaire was conducted anonymously among 12,450 unmarried college students under informed consent. Among 12,129 students, acknowledgement of contraceptive knowledge among females was superior to males in college (P=0.000). Rates on the favor for unmarried sexual practice and 'sexual liberation' were 81.9% and 60.2% for males, comparing to 74.8% and 54.3% for females respectively. The prevalence rates for masturbation were 74.3% for males and 24.9% for females respectively. 18.4% of the male and 10.5% of the female students had ever experienced unmarried sexual intercourse. Among those students who had sexual experiences, 29.4% of the males had made their sex partners pregnant and 23.1% of the female students had experienced unexpected pregnancy. Statistical significance was found between males and females (P=0.000) in terms of attitudes and behaviors. 51.3% of the male and female students took contraceptive measures during the episode of first sexual intercourse. The excuses for not taking any measures would include: sexual intercourse happened incidentally, not interested in using condom, only one sexual experience would not cause pregnancy, etc. The prevalence of unmarried sexual intercourse among college students had been rising. Among those who had experienced unmarried sexual intercourse, the rate of taking contraceptive measures was low and the incidence of unexpected pregnancy was high. It is urgent to strengthen the education and service programs on contraception among college students.

William Faulkner's Indians are not history's Indians. They are William Faulkner's Indians, created by the artist as a part of his Yoknapatawpha saga, created from fantasy, lore, and incidental history to suit the author's needs. never read any history, Faulkner once said. If I got it straight it's because I didn't worry with other people's ideas about it.l With any writer, of course, there exists a finely woven relationship between the world he lives in and the fictional world he creates. In Faulkner's creative mind there developed a town, Jefferson, and a county, Yoknapatawpha, fully populated by fictional characters drawn at least partially from his personal knowledge and experiences with three major social groups found in the northern Mississippi area where he lived-country people, aristocratic white families, and Negroes. In contrast to these major fictional types, Faulkner's Indian characters are more fully the product of his artistic imagination, for no Indians have resided in his home county, Lafayette, since before 1860.2 Nevertheless, Faulkner assigns his Indians an important role in his scheme of things, for, more than any other group of people, they love the land, a matter of elemental importance to the author's beliefs. A study of Faulkner's Indians, as they develop through a succession of novels and short stories, not only provides one an insight into his tremendous creative accomplishment, but also contributes to an understanding of Faulkner's major themes. Red Leaves, the first of several Faulkner stories about Indians

Objective To establish a practical reference range on anal sphincter electromyography of healthy volunteers with different physiological characters. Methods A group of 62 healthy volunteers were recruited from April to June 2013 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital through public recruitment for the reference value study of anal sphincter electromyography, including 37 women with various childbirth experiences and 25 men. Motor unit potentials were obtained from bilateral external anal sphincter of each subject by standard concentric electromyography needle. For each subject, the mean values of each motor unit potential parameter (including duration, amplitude, area, mean number of turns, mean number of phases) and the satellite rate were calculated. The reference ranges of each parameter were statistically calculated for various subject characteristics. Results The mean duration of the motor unit potentials of all subjects was (9.92±1.31) ms and the mean satellite rate was 7%±5%. The reference ranges of durations (means±1.96 s) were 7.91-12.19 ms for men, 7.43-10.47 ms for women without vaginal delivery experiences and 7.50-13.54 ms for women with vaginal delivery experiences. The upper limits of satellite rates (means+ 1.65 s) were 13% for men and women without vaginal delivery experiences and 20% for women with vaginal delivery experiences. Conclusions A practical reference range on anal sphincter electromyography with discriminating physiological characters was established. The changes of anal sphincter electromyography in women with vaginal delivery experiences were complicated, which should be carefully interpreted. Key words: External anal sphincter; Electromyography; Reference ranges

Objective Summarize and share the working practice of Investigator Research Ethics and Research Integrity Training conducted at Peking University Human Research Protection Program (PKU HRPP), to further explore continuing quality improvement of investigator ethical training at university level. Methods Conduct systematic review of the archiving files of PKU HRPP investigator training activities during 2012-2018, summarize feedback information from investigators to identify possible experiences for sharing and space for improvement. Results There are some positive experiences for sharing about the training mechanism and practices at PKU HRPP. Conclusions Based on the previous ethical training work and experiences at PKU HRPP, possible proposals for continuing quality improvement may including: strengthening the requirements of ethical training of investigators, encouraging and recognizing ethical training conducted by research teams, emphasizing training Quality and the promotion of sharing and mutual recognition mechanisms for ethical training. Key words: Ethical training; Capacity building; Experiences; Improvement

Cultural factors are operating in the aesthetic experience of pictorial realism, occurring in a transcultural manner, and their effects are salient in beholder’s affective reaction correlated with perceptual-cognitive operation. This paper aims to demonstrate this hypothesis, by developing two analytical tools that might explain the anti-hedonic valence of Hong Taeyong, an eighteenth-century Korean literatus’ aesthetic experience of a Western religious fresco depicting the Lamentation of Christ in a Jesuit Catholic church in Beijing. First, a complex multifold conflict between «actual affect» and culturally modeled «ideal affect», operating simultaneously in his visual experience, might be translated into a highly negative valence of his global affective state. Second, the variance of processing fluencies at different levels would have made his global processing operation less fluid, and it might play a role in his negative affective valence, since the affect is inherent in processing fluency signal.