Behind the fertility–education nexus: what triggered the French development process?

School, State, and Society is a comprehensive analysis of French elementary education in the nineteenth century. It begins in the decades before the Guizot law of 1833, which made the establishment of public schools in every commune France's national policy, and continues ti 1906, just after Church and state were formally separated and Catholic schools officially abolished. Grew and Harrigan base their study on the vast amount of statistical information that was systematically collected in France beginning in the 1830s. This information was put into machine-readable form for computer analysis. School, State, and Society examines several important aspects of elementary schools in France in the nineteenth century: the availability of schooling; enrollment; different types of schools (Catholic and lay, public and private); schooling for girls versus schooling for boys; elementary teachers' the elementary school as an institution and the links between elementary education and further instruction; and budgets and expenditures. The analysis revises some standard interpretations of the role of Catholic schools and of a nationally centralized system. The picture that emerges challenges some common impressions - among them that schooling in France progressed slowly and late, that it had to overcome great local resistance, and that the enrollment of girls long lagged behind that of boys.

This paper examines entry into consensual unions versus marriages in Burkina Faso, a topic that has received little attention to date in sub-Saharan Africa. Changes in marriage behaviors may entail or reflect profound changes in family organization, gender relations and fertility and, to the extent that consensual unions are relatively transitory and lead to more sexual partners, they may be associated with greater sexual risks including HIV. The determinants of new unions being consensual are estimated from national family-life type survey data that provide information on the timing of different types of marriages and the start of cohabitation. While consensual unions are not new to the country, they appear to be changing in nature and have been growing more common over time especially in urban areas. They are also more popular among men and women with greater schooling or who began cohabiting while living outside the country, and for women who have previously lived in union.

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Fairness and Power in Family Organization

The development of primary schooling has been considered since the beginning of the nineteenth century as a major process and notably characteristic of developed capitalist societies. French research on education has gener ally merely noted this development, considering the inter pretation to be obvious. We have a different conception, considering that the increase in school attendance in France requires a fresh conceptual approach and new empirical and theoretical validation work. For this, our cliometric study of primary education by administrative department in France in the nineteenth century is based on retrospective national accountancy and econometric methods.

Analysis of energy consumption structure on CO[formula omitted] emission and economic sustainable growth

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Catholic secondary schools in France have had a troubled history. The loi Falloux of 1850 inaugurated one of the few periods in the nineteenth century when they were able to expand with relative freedom from official interference and hostile criticism. The aim of this essay is to trace the effects of the loi Falloux in the first twenty years of its operation on boys’ secondary education. How did the new Catholic schools grow, and what different types of school were there? Why did parents choose Catholic rather than state schools, and how far was the division between the two sectors a social one? What education, moral and intellectual, did the Catholic schools give, and how did it differ from that of the state’s lycées? Finally, why did the development of these schools come to be seen, even by the conservative government of the Second Empire, as a threat to the social unity of France, so that the granting of ‘liberty of education’ led in time to a new cycle of repression?

The affinity of modern Populism to certain aspects of the Naturalist school in France has found general acceptance. Few critics, however, have attempted to trace this line of descent further back into the nineteenth century. Zola himself saw no precursors in the field of the proletarian novel beyond the confines of his own school, and cited Germinie Lacerteux as the first work bringing to the novel a sympathetic treatment of the humbler classes of society. Mr. Felix Walter has shown that the famous preface to the first edition of this novel constitutes a variety of pre-populist manifesto. Yet the claim of the Goncourt brothers to have produced “un roman vrai”—like their boast: “ce livre vient de la rue” —strikes no new note in the literary history of France. Almost a century earlier Rétif de la Bretonne had advanced substantially the same claim for his Pied de Fanchette, further noting that this seeming originality belonged to still another before him.

The Haute Ecole de Joaillerie (HEJ) is the oldest jewellery school in France and lies at the heart of the institution of Parisian fine jewellery. This article examines the use of training models at the HEJ for transmitting technical and spatial expertise, resulting in fine jewellery knowledge that is standardized, evaluated and differentiated on a national and local scale. It reveals how these models connect students with the historic roots of the jewellery industry in Paris, namely the pre-modern craft guilds of goldsmiths, and also with the jewellery houses of the Place Vendôme, which emerged in the nineteenth century and are today the defining feature of Parisian fine jewellery. It is argued that the training models act as a lynchpin, linking Parisian fine jewellery across and within generations. This article contributes to literature on the growth and evolution of Parisian craft and design industries that remain recognizably identifiable with the city and their history in the face of the incursion of global markets.

Two different sets of legal theories have denied that judges have any discretion when deciding cases. The first was “naive” formalism as practised in the XIXth century,and more specifically, the exegesis school in France and the conceptual jurisprudence school (Begriffsjurisprudenz) in Germany. The second was the “sophisticated” formalism of the late XXth century, which both establishes a connection between law and social morality, and undertakes a moral reading of the constitution so that positive law could offer the one right answer in each case. On its turn, mainstream legal positivism has regarded judicial discretion as an unavoidable and even perhaps desirable consequence of the structural features of any really existing legal order.

The teaching of stereotomy sends back to the problem of the visualisation in space or the trasmission of a tridimensional object by means of a bidimensional reproduction. The analysis of Monge’s teaching reproposes the transition from the methods of stoneworkers to descriptive geometry. It parallely shows the limits of a strictly theoretical teaching in an engineering school such as the Ecole polytechnique.

Dos tipos de doctrinas jurídicas han tratado de negar la discrecionalidad judicial: por un lado, el formalismo ingenuo del siglo XIX, propio de la Escuela de la Exégesis, en Francia, y de la Jurisprudencia de Conceptos, en Alemania; por otro lado, el formalismo sofisticado de fines del siglo XX, que primero integra derecho y moral social y, después, moraliza la Constitución positiva para que en el derecho positivo se contenga una única solución correcta para cada caso posible. Por contra, el positivismo jurídico del siglo XX ha visto en la discrecionalidad judicial una consecuencia, tan inevitable como conveniente, de los caracteres de todo sistema jurídico real.

The Brundtland Commission Report of 1987 laid out the case for ongoing economic growth as an essential prerequisite for sustainable development. This paper identifies reasoning utilized in that Report to support the idea of ‘sustainable economic growth’. The paper then argues that this economic progrowth bias has continued to represent the dominant, mainstream viewpoint within the sustainable-development movement. In a similar vein, the paper suggests widespread support for the idea of ‘smart growth’ as a form of ‘sustainable urban growth’ capable of advancing the end of sustainable cities. The purpose of the paper is to make the case for the intrinsically unsustainable nature of economic and urban growth. Included among the results of the paper are references to publications from the 1990s and the current decade revealing mounting evidence of existent ecological limits to growth. As its central conclusion the paper argues that continued allegiance to the idea of ‘sustainable growth’ constitutes a major impediment to realizing the ends of sustainable development and sustainable cities.

PurposeThe market-based monetary policy framework has been favoured by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) economies. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effect of monetary policy channels on the sectoral value added and sustainable economic growth in ECOWAS. Data from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund over 2013–2019 were sourced for thirteen member countries. ECOWAS is found to have very high inflation level, interest and exchange rates.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted the Driscoll–Kraay fixed-effects ordinary least squares regression (OLS) estimator.FindingsThe findings revealed that while the effect of monetary policy channels on the agricultural sector value added is largely heterogenous and significantly in-elastic, the one on the industrial and services sectors are overwhelmingly homogeneous and negative, but insignificant for the services sector. Moreover, the effect of monetary policy channels on sustainable economic growth is also homogeneously asymmetric, with imminent stagflation, while the interactive effects of monetary policy channels are heterogeneous on sustainable economic growth and economic sectors. Therefore, an inflation targeting monetary policy stance is generally recommended with prioritised exchange rate stabilisation amid sufficient fiscal space.Originality/valueThis is amongst the first studies to investigate monetary policy channels, sectoral outputs and sustainable growth in the ECOWAS region with a rigorous analysis and found implications for policy.

Econometric evaluation of economic growth sustainability of various regions
 is provided. As it is stated, for the period of 1998–2012 economies of the North
 Caucasian and the Far Eastern federal districts tended to develop more sustainably,
 while economies of the Central and the Urals federal districts tended to
 develop less sustainably. Within the North Caucasian federal region, it was the
 Kabardino-Balkar Republic, that showed the most sustainable economic growth.
 Similarly, during the same period the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) within the Far
 East federal district, the Krasnoyarsk Region within the Siberian federal district,
 the Leningrad Region within the North-West federal district and the Republic of
 Adygea within the Southern federal district were leaders in terms of sustainable
 development within their federal districts. As for the Volga federal district,
 the most sustainable economic growth was observed in the Republic of
 Bashkortostan; within the Urals federal district the most sustainable growth was
 observed in the Sverdlovsk Region and within the Central federal district —
 in Belgorod Region. The need to differentiate anti-crisis economic policy towards
 separate regions, dependant on the propensity of a regional economic system for
 sustainable economic growth, is emphasized.