Behind the Curtain of Freedom: Navigating Subtle Harassment and Professional Vulnerability in Moldovan Journalism

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلي دراسة العلاقة بين التنمر الالکتروني والامن النفسي لدي طلاب الجامعه، وافترضت الدراسة وجود علاقة بين التنمر الالکتروني والامن النفسي لدي طلاب الجامعه ووجود فروق فى التنمر الالکتروني والامن النفسي لدي طلاب الجامعه وفقا لمتغيرات النوع، والاقامة. وتکونت عينة الدراسة من 300 من طلاب الجامعه (100 ذکور، 200 اناث)، وتکونت ادوات الدراسة من مقياس التنمر الالکتروني إعداد الباحثة ومقياس الامن النفسي لماسلو. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة إرتباطية سالبة بين التنمر الالکتروني والامن النفسي لدي طلاب الجامعه، کما کشفت نتائج الدراسة عن وجود فروق بين الذکور والأناث في الامن النفسي لصالح الاناث، کما أظهرت نتائج الدراسة عن وجود فروق بين الذکور والأناث في التنمر الالکتروني في اتجاه الذکور. The Current Study aimed at studying the relationship between cyber bullying and psychological security among university students. The study hypothesized that there is a relationship between cyber bullying and psychological security among university students and the existence of differences in cyber bullying and psychological security among university students according to gender and residency variables. The study sample consisted of 300 university students (100 males, 200 female). The study tools consisted of the cyber bullying scale, the researcher's preparation and the psychological security measure for Maslow. The results of the study showed that there is a negative correlation between cyber bullying and psychological security among the university students. The results of the study also revealed differences between males and females in psychological security in favor of females. The results of the study also showed differences between males and females in cyber bullying towards males.

BackgroundThe rapid introduction of teleworking due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to concerns about increases in cyberbullying (CB) worldwide. However, little is known about workplace CB in non-Western countries. The first objective was to clarify the prevalence and characteristics regarding workplace CB victimization in Japan. The second objective was to demonstrate the psychological outcomes of CB victimization in combination with traditional bullying (TB).MethodsWe conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional, Internet-based survey targeting regular employees in Japan (N = 1200) in January 2021. We investigated CB victimization using the Inventory of Cyberbullying Acts at Work and TB victimization by using the Short Negative Act Questionnaire. Possible explanatory factors for TB/CB victimization were sociodemographic variables, personality trait, chronic occupational stress, organizational climate, and gratitude at work. We also measured psychological distress, insomnia, and loneliness to assess adverse effects of workplace bullying. Two-step cluster analysis was used in determining the patterns combined with TB and CB victimization. Hierarchical binomial logistic regression analysis was used.ResultsIn total, 8.0% of employees reported experiencing CB on a weekly basis. CB victimization was associated with younger age, managerial position, higher qualitative workload, and active information dissemination via the Internet, and frequency of teleworking. Three clusters based on TB and CB victimization patterns were identified: those who belong to the first cluster suffered neither from TB and CB (81.0%), the second cluster suffered only from TB (14.3%), and the third cluster suffered from both TB and CB (4.8%). The third cluster exhibited higher odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for psychological distress (OR = 12.63, 95% CI = 4.20–38.03), insomnia (OR = 6.26, 95% CI = 2.80–14.01), and loneliness (OR = 3.24, 95% CI = 1.74–6.04) compared to the first cluster.ConclusionsThese findings firstly clarify the prevalence and correlated factors of CB victimization among employees in Japan. Further, we showed that psychological wellbeing can be impaired by the coexistence of TB and CB. Our research could be the first step to develop the effective countermeasures against workplace CB.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of psychological security among female university students and examine its relationship with self-reported academic performance. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional, correlational design was employed using a stratified random sample of 400 female undergraduate students enrolled in the College of Education for Women at the University of Baghdad. Data were collected using two self-report instruments: the Psychological Security Scale (Shuqair, 2005) and a self-constructed Academic Performance Questionnaire. Reliability and validity were assessed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Findings: The findings indicated that the sample exhibited moderate to high levels of psychological security. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between psychological security and academic performance (r=0.75, p<0.01). Significant differences were also observed in psychological security and academic performance based on academic year and specialization, favoring fourth-year and scientific-specialization students. Conclusion: Psychological security appears to be a strong predictor of perceived academic performance among female university students. Enhancing students’ psychological well-being may lead to better academic outcomes. However, further studies using objective academic data and a more diverse sample are recommended.

Introduction: Cyberbullying is the voluntary and repetitious abuse that is inflicted through computers/mobile phones/other electronic devices, using language that can defame, threaten, harass, bully, exclude, discriminate, demean, humiliate, stalk, disclose personal information or contain offensive, vulgar comments. Within the last decade, cyber bullying has received a high level of attention from researchers worldwide. The reason is the continuous advancements of technological tools and their link with mental health issues. Aim: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cyber bullying victimisation and its effect on the psychological wellbeing of medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 502 medical students studying at Medical College Baroda, Gujarat in western India from January 2022 to June 2022. Medical students were assessed for cyberbullying victimisation using Cyber-Victimisation Scale (CYBVICS). The impact of cyberbullying on psychological well-being was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) for screening of depression and anxiety, respectively. Data were analysed with epi info. Qualitative variables like socio-demographics and clinical parameters were summarised in frequency and percentages. The Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the association between categorical variables. The p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Among 502 medical students, 71 (14.14%) were victims of mild cyberbullying, whereas 90 (17.93%) and 103 (20.52%) had experienced moderate and severe cyberbullying victimisation, respectively. Among all participants, 20 (4%) (Chisquare=39.329, p=<0.0001) and 16 (3.19%) (Chi-square=21.686, p=<0.0001) screened positive for depression and anxiety, respectively. Conclusion: The cyberbullying victimisation was much more prevalent among medical students and is having a strong negative impact on the psychological well-being of students, causing significant depressive and anxiety symptoms. The severity of impact was increasing with the increasing severity of cyberbullying victimisation. Such studies will help healthcare professionals and institutional interventions to protect those likely to fall victim of cyberbullying.

Introduction. Entrepreneurial activity is one of the main sources of revenues to the state budget. Accordingly, ensuring entrepreneurs’ safety, in particular, psychological safety, is very important. Unfortunately, in the context of pandemic restrictions, many entrepreneurs were forced to close their businesses or significantly reduce their activities, which negatively affected their psychological safety. Therefore, the definition of the main threats to the psychological security of an entrepreneur and possible ways of protection against them is an urgent task of economic psychology. Aim. То determine the main threats to the entrepreneur's psychological security under pandemic restrictions and possible ways to protect against them. Results. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the list of modern publications on the problem of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological safety of the individual, in particular, business entities. The article analyzes the content of the concept of "entrepreneur's psychological security", identifies threats to the psychological security of business entities, determines the main directions in which the psychological security of entrepreneurs should be ensured under pandemic restrictions. The authors consider the concept of «entrepreneur's psychological security» as a state of psychological security of an economic entity from internal and external threats that have negative consequences at all stages of the enterprise's functioning, and as well as a state that allows generating and implementing new ideas and increasing productivity. Conclusions. The information presented in the article may be useful in studying the effects of pandemic restrictions on entrepreneur's’ psychological well-being.

<p><strong>Context and relevance.</strong> Cyber aggression and cyberbullying are factors that violate the psychological security of the educational environment. The theoretical basis of the research was the theory of aggression and cyber aggression, which can be divided into appetitive and reactive, controlled and impulsive. <strong>Objective.</strong> To identify differences in the level of reactive and proactive cyber aggression between representatives of different roles of school and non-school cyberbullying: victims, bullys and bystanders. <strong>Hypothesis.</strong> There are differences in the level of proactive and reactive cyber aggression between representatives of different roles of school and non-school cyberbullying. <strong>Methods and materials.</strong> The study was conducted on a sample of students of a secondary general educational institution in Yekaterinburg (N = 251) aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.8, SD = 1.9, 59% female). The questionnaire “Typology of cyber aggression” by K.K. Runions in translation and adaptation by S.S. Antipina, as well as the author's questionnaire of cyberbullying, was used. <strong>Results.</strong> The results obtained make it possible to say that the victims have a lower level of both proactive and reactive types of cyber aggression than the persecutors, and the persecutors are more likely than the victims to commit cyber aggressive acts motivated by rage in response to other people's actions. or the expectation of reward from thoughtful actions. The level of arbitrary retaliatory aggression among victims of school cyberbullying is significantly lower than the level of arbitrary retaliatory cyber aggression among victims of non-school cyberbullying, that is, within a relatively closed school community, the victim feels that he is under pressure from the established system of social relations, and therefore is less likely to resist than outside it. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>Cyberbullying within the classroom can turn into a self-sustaining process that will only be stopped by outside interference. Accordingly, in practice, it is unacceptable for a teacher to choose non-interference tactics, as well as any form of encouragement for the aggressor, even in a situation where the victim's behavior can really be considered annoying or provocative.</p>

Rethinking Journalism Through Technology

Recent empirical research has found that the psychological consequences for young people involved in cyberbullying are more severe than in the case of traditional bullying (Campbell, Spears, Slee, Butler, & Kift, 2012; Perren, Dooley, Shaw, & Cross, 2010). Cybervictimisation has been found to be a significant predictor of depressive symptoms over and above that of being victimised by traditional bullying (Perren et al., 2010). Cybervictims also have reported higher anxiety scores and social difficulties than traditional victims, with those students who had been bullied by both forms showing similar anxiety and depression scores to cyberbullying victims (Campbell et al., 2012). This is supported by the subjective views of many young people, not involved in bullying, who believed that cyberbullying is far more harmful than traditional bullying (Cross et al., 2009). However, students who were traditionally bullied thought the consequences of traditional bullying were harsher than did those students who were cyberbullied (Campbell, et al., 2012). In Slonje and Smith’s study (2008), students reported that text messaging and email bullying had less of an impact than traditional bullying, but that bullying by pictures or video clips had more negative impact than traditional bullying.

The purpose of this study was to compare sexual-minority and heterosexual youths' exposure to sexual abuse off-line, problematic sexual meetings off-line with person/s met online and online harassment with regard to prevalence, psychological well-being and support seeking. A nationally representative sample of 3,432 Swedish high school seniors completed an anonymous school-based survey about sexuality, health, sexual abuse and online-related sexual victimisation or harassment. Sexual-minority adolescents reported a greater rate of sexual abuse, problematic sexual meetings off-line with person/s met online and online harassment, compared to heterosexual youth. When compared to non-victimised heterosexual adolescents, victimised heterosexual adolescents and non-victimised and victimised sexual-minority adolescents reported more psychiatric symptoms, lower self-esteem and a weaker sense of coherence. Same-sex sexual orientation was related to more psychiatric symptoms, lower self-esteem and a weaker sense of coherence even when controlled for victimisation and gender. Compared to victimised heterosexual adolescents, victimised sexual-minority adolescents were more likely to seek support because of sexual abuse (females) or Internet-related problems (males and females). Results for sexual-minority youth were basically the same whether sexual orientation was assessed as sexual identity or as sexual or emotional attraction. Health care providers are challenged to not only provide the same care to sexual-minority youth who seek counselling or psychiatric treatment for mental health problems or problems related to victimisation that all adolescents should receive but also to find ways to address topics like prevention of sexual abuse and risk-taking behaviour online or off-line.

“Cyberbullying” comprises a wide spectrum of behaviors that have negative and often devastating impacts upon their targets (or “victims”). This article is intended to analyze research trends on cyberbullying as well as related concerns involving online harassment, online reputational damage, and cyberstalking. Its focuses are as follows: (1) analyze the conceptual work and research that have emerged on the technological and social aspects of the issues, with an emphasis on social media scenarios; (2) present insights as to how cyberbullying and reputational damage can best be mitigated, given current mental health insights and technological know-how; and (3) discuss why cyberbullying is of continuing importance to business, government, non-profit, and educational audiences. The article includes reflections about the moral and personal dimensions of cyberbullying. Cyberbullies can often combine anonymous interactions with personally-identifiable ones to make it appear that more than one individual is participating, potentially intensifying the negative social impacts involved.

“Cyberbullying” comprises a wide spectrum of behaviors that have negative and often devastating impacts upon their targets (or “victims”). This chapter is intended to analyze research trends on cyberbullying as well as related concerns involving online harassment, online reputational damage, and cyberstalking. Its focuses are as follows: (1) analyze the conceptual work and research that have emerged on the technological and social aspects of the issues, with an emphasis on social media scenarios; (2) present insights as to how cyberbullying and reputational damage can best be mitigated, given current mental health insights and technological know-how; and (3) discuss why cyberbullying is of continuing importance to business, government, non-profit, and educational audiences. The chapter includes reflections about the moral and personal dimensions of cyberbullying. Cyberbullies can often combine anonymous interactions with personally identifiable ones to make it appear that more than one individual is participating, potentially intensifying the negative social impacts involved.

The impact of bullying in all forms on the mental health and safety of adolescents is of particular interest, especially in the wake of new methods of bullying that victimize youths through technology. The current study examined the relationship between victimization from both physical and cyber bullying and adolescent suicidal behavior. Violent behavior, substance use, and unsafe sexual behavior were tested as mediators between two forms of bullying, cyber and physical, and suicidal behavior. Data were taken from a large risk-behavior screening study with a sample of 4,693 public high school students (mean age=16.11, 47% female). The study's findings showed that both physical bullying and cyber bullying associated with substance use, violent behavior, unsafe sexual behavior, and suicidal behavior. Substance use, violent behavior, and unsafe sexual behavior also all associated with suicidal behavior. Substance use and violent behavior partially mediated the relationship between both forms of bullying and suicidal behavior. The comparable amount of variance in suicidal behavior accounted for by both cyber bullying and physical bullying underscores the important of further cyber bullying research. The direct association of each risk behavior with suicidal behavior also underscores the importance of reducing risk behaviors. Moreover, the role of violence and substance use as mediating behaviors offers an explanation of how risk behaviors can increase an adolescent's likelihood of suicidal behavior through habituation to physical pain and psychological anxiety.

Forgiveness is the framing of a perceived transgression such that one's responses to the transgressor, transgression, and sequelae of the transgression are transformed from negative to neutral or positive. The source of a transgression, and therefore the object of forgiveness, may be oneself, another person or persons, or a situation that one views as being beyond anyone's control (Thompson et al., 2005) Currently, there is great theoretical interest in the possibility that forgiveness is involved in promoting well-being. Various models suggest that forgiveness can offer opportunities for recognizing a deeper meaning in the transgression, developing compassion for others, appreciating social support systems, and discovering a renewed sense of life purpose (Enright, Freedman, & Rique, 1998). Empirical studies suggest that forgiveness have potential benefits for mental health (Toussaint & Webb, 2005), and well-being (Brown, 2003 ; Karremans, Van Lange, Ouwerkerk, & Kluwer, 2003; Karuse & Ellison, 2003).Psychological well-beingPsychological well-being is usually conceptualized as some combination of positive affective states such as happiness (the hedonic perspective) and functioning with optimal effectiveness in individual and social life (the eudaimonic perspective) (Deci & Ryan, 2008). Psychological well-being is about lives going well. It is the combination of feeling good and functioning effectively (Huppert, 2009). Psychological well-being refers to one's positive intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social functioning that is influenced by his or her perception and meaning given to his or her life situations (Ryff & Singer, 1996). Psychological well-being can be measured as emotional well-being in a hedonistic sense (i.e., experiencing more positive affect than negative affect) and positive psychological functioning in a eudaimonic sense (i.e., living a meaningful life and fulfilling one's potentials).Psychological distressPsychological distress is viewed as an emotional condition that involves negative views of the self, others and the environment and is characterized by unpleasant subjective states such as feeling tense, worried, worthless and irritable (Barlow and Durand, 2005). These subjective states can reduce the emotional resilience of individuals and impact on their ability to enjoy life and to cope with pain, disappointment and sadness. Psychological distress can be viewed as a continuum in which people can move from experiencing wellbeing to distress andback at various times throughout their lives (Horwitz and Scheid, 1999; Mechanic, 1999).A link between forgiveness and mental and physical health has attracted much attention in psychological research (McCullough, 2000; Thoresen, Harris, & Luskin, 2000). In forgiveness research, psychological well-being has often been considered equivalent to global satisfaction of life, minimal psychological distress or absence of psychopathology, or a combination of certain positive cognition and affect. Thus, a possible relationship between forgiveness and psychological well-being in the eudaimonic sense has been overlookedPrior research suggested that trait forgiveness is generally more strongly correlated with some aspects or components of psychological well-being and other mental health variables than state forgiveness (McCullough & Witvliet, 2002).HFS was also foundto positively predict satisfaction with life and negatively predict trait anger, state anxiety, and depression among college students (Thompson et al., 2005).Among the wide variety' of protective factors that have been recognized, acceptance, forgiveness, and gratitude appear to be three personal characteristics that have been found to be closely related to psychological well-being (McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002; Nakamura & Orth, 2005).The Human Development Study Group (1991) revealed positive results, indicating that the promotion of forgiveness enhances psychological well-being among individuals coping with a variety of serious offenses. …

This study examines how cybercrimes impact women's well-being in digital spaces, focusing on online harassment, cyberbullying, misinformation, and non-consensual exposure to explicit content. Survey data from 200 respondents show concerning trends: 102 experienced online harassment, 63 encountered false health information, 47 were approached to sexting, and 28 were exposed to pornography without consent. Qualitative insights highlight emotional distress. Urgent actions include awareness-raising, education, and tailored support networks. These findings underscore the need to combat cybercrimes and empower women online.

IntroductionSubjective well-being is an important issue in social development because experience of ones own personal well-being is a prerequisite for the persons successful functioning in society.Two traditions that contributed to the growth of interest in the phenomenon of psychological well-being should be highlighted:* Hedonistic tradition, which focuses on such constructs as pleasure, happiness, positive impact and life satisfaction (N.M. Bradburn, E. Diener, D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz, S. Lyubomirsky, H.S. Lepper);* Eudaemonism, which considers human longing for happiness to be fundamental in his behavior (C.R. Rogers, C.D. Ryff, A.S. Waterman).Following these traditions, there exist two perspectives that analyze the phenomenon of psychological well-being from various angles (Lopez & Snyder, 2009). The first perspective is based on the eudemonistic approach (Ruff & Keyes, 1995), which considers well-being to be the ultimate goal of human existence and functioning. The second stance that originates in the hedonistic approach relates to subjective well-being theory, also known as the theory of emotional well-being suggested by E. Dienerand his colleagues (Diener, 1984; Diener, Suh, Lucas S Parducci,1995).In other words, people are happy if they consider themselves to be happy.Second, well-being comprises emotional states (i.e., psychologically secure people are likely to experience positive emotions such as happiness and joy and are unlikely to have negative emotions such as sadness and anger) (Argyle, 1987; Diener & Larsen, 1993; Larsen & Diener, 1992; Warr, 1987,1990).Third, psychological well-being is reflected in people's attitude towards life (Diener, 1994; Myers, 1992; Veenhoven, 1988).Carol Ryff defined the following aspects of psychological well-being: self-sufficiency, positive relationships with other people, life goals, self-realization, potential, and self-acceptance (Ryff, 1989). Multiple researchers then enriched this list with such aspects as the ability to successfully accomplish tasks (Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project, 2008), psychological capital, happiness (Pollard & Lee,2003), and life satisfaction (Diener & Suh, 1997; Seligman, 2002a, 2002b).The first attempt to define psychological well-being was made by N. Bradburn in 1969. His survey marked the shift from psychiatric diagnostics to a focus on ordinary peoples reactions. He observed how people tried to cope with hardships and everyday problems. In his works, N. Bradburn emphasized the importance of psychological well-being for overcoming hardships. He believed that a person could be psychologically well only if his positive emotions overpowered negative emotions (Bradburn, 1969).Generally, sensations play a dominant role in theories of subjective well-being. These sensations have been addressed in the works of E. Diener and E. Suh. They argued that subjective well-being consisted of three interconnected components: life satisfaction (cognitive sphere) and positive and negative emotions (affective sphere) (Diener & Suh, 1997). In addition to health benefits, positive emotions are closely associated with psychological wellness (Fredrickson, 2000). For example, strategies for personality psychological security, to a great extent, depend on a person's positive emotional state. Positive re-evaluating and adding meaning to ordinary events can act as stress relief. These strategies help people acquire crisis management (coping) skills that contribute not only to psychological security but also to overall psychological well-being. …