Abstract
To improve the overall welfare levels of sows and to reduce stress levels at late 35-day lactation, we selected targeted behavioral indicators that might be associated with stress. Therefore, we monitored and evaluated the adaptive capability of two different breeds of sows to the farrowing environment. In this study, Damin sows (Large White × Min pig sows, n = 20) and Large White sows (n = 20) were farrowed in individual pens. Saliva was collected and tested for cortisol density at –15 min, and then at +15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test conducted at 20, 27 and 34 d post-partum. The postures, including ventral and lateral recumbency to other postures, defecating, urinating, sham-chewing and bar-biting behavior, were observed by video from 07:00 to 09:00 and from 13:00 to 15:00 on the 7th day of each week from the 3rd to the 5th week post-parturition. In addition, the concentrations of salivary interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA) were assayed after the observed behaviors. The results showed no significant difference between Damin sows and Large White sows in terms of behaviors at the 3rd week. Additionally, there were no significant differences between Damin and Large White sows in terms of the behaviors of ventral recumbency and bar-biting with the exception of lateral recumbency to other postures, sham-chewing, defecation and urination in the fifth week. Meanwhlie, there was significant difference between two breeds in term of ventral recumbency at the 4th week. The result of the ACTH test showed a significant difference between the Damin and Large White sows by the 27th and 34th days postpartum (P<0.01). In addition, the serological concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were not significantly different between the two breeds at the 3rd week postpartum. However, these indicators were significantly different at the 5th week postpartum (P = 0.000, and P = 0.003, respectively). The SIgA concentrations in saliva were significantly different between breeds at the 3rd week postpartum (P<0.01). In conclusion, both breeds of sows maybe in a state of stress after the 4th week postpartum. However, the Damin sows may be better than the Large White sows in terms of adapting to this farrowing environment.
Highlights
At present, in response to the concern of animal welfare advocates, there has been a strong interest in the loose farrowing environment of lactating sows [1]
There was no significant difference in ventral recumbency behavior of the two breeds of sows at 3rd week postpartum (Table 2)
There was no significant difference between the two breeds of sows from 3rd to 5th postpartum in terms of the behavior of lateral recumbency to other postures (F0.05(2,114) = 0.101; P = 0.101)
Summary
In response to the concern of animal welfare advocates, there has been a strong interest in the loose farrowing environment of lactating sows [1]. In such an environment, the sows might gradually increase the stress experienced by piglets and the environment, especially during long lactation periods [2, 3]. The Min pig is a local breed found in north-eastern China, and displays good maternal instincts. This is an outstanding characteristic of the Min pig and the Min pig hybrid breeds, which show resistance to stress [4,5,6]. By utilizing the above advantages, we selected primiparous Damin sows (Large White × Min pig sows) in an attempt to improve the adaptability of pigs in a farrowing environment during late lactation
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