Abstract
Several standards exist for testing the radiated “over the air” (OTA) performance of 5G User Equipment (UE) devices. All these standards are limited to a Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) evaluation of the 5G device. With 5G networks and devices already deployed and in operation, it becomes necessary to develop realistic Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and beamforming performance metrics for 5G UEs. Since the most important feature of 5G is beamforming, this paper reviews the main challenges to realistically evaluate 5G device performance and proposes several novel key performance indicators (KPIs). The results obtained by some measurements show that it is possible to derive figures of merit that address the complexity of beamforming and MIMO-based 5G performance of devices in a much better way compared with the existing SISO KPIs, and that academia should provide advanced future research on these more realistic KPIs for the industry to face the challenges ahead with a better analysis of the problem in hand.
Highlights
Multiple diversity dimensions can be exploited in receivers, and this is a commonly used technique in current commercial user equipment- (UE-) integrated antenna Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) arrays
End and for the 5G User Equipment (UE) end, would deserve their own manuscript, as would the specific antenna configuration or angular reuse in diversity [1]; this is because one side cannot be fully evaluated without the other side, and the role of each side is neither identical nor do they have the same maneuvering capabilities to search for better performances
While quite some progress has been made on 5G OTA testing, consensus-based 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Summary
New radio (NR) is eagerly being deployed to foster mobile communications around the globe. In the race towards satisfying the expected growth, connectivity, availability and reliability, little attention is paid to effectively test how different beamforming techniques will develop what has been promised. Beyond the standardized single-input single-output (SISO) spherical coverage, no key performance indicator (KPI) has been clearly set to target a realistic evaluation of beamforming capabilities and performance, but rather to the simple possibility of existing and providing specific device pointing capabilities through Tx and Rx beam peak search algorithms. The challenges that pose a threat to obtaining the desired performances in terms of spectral efficiencies (bits/s/Hz) with optimum spatial (mMIMO) and frequency (mm-wave) use will be described. The aim of this paper is to bring the attention to the need for new key performance indicators that can more realistically put overall 5G device performance into context. There is a clear gap between standardizationdriven KPIs, based on beam-peaks and SISO parameters, and the ones that should be needed to properly characterize a device performance in the field, for which academia has an important role to play
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