Batik Wastewater Treatment by Using Mono and Polyculture Phytoremediation Utilized Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) and Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

Lead (Pb) is the heavy metal that causes the most pollution in the environment. This study was conducted to compare the ability of water spinach and spinach plants to absorb lead due to the administration of various doses of ZA as a heavy metal suppressor on polluted land. This research is a pot experiment using a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with two factors. The first factor is the type of plant (Kangkung and Spinach). The second factor was the dose of ZA fertilizer (0; 1.19; 2.38 3.57; 4.76 g / pot). The variables observed included growth, plant yield, and Pb concentration in plants. The results showed that the growth of kale plants increased with the increasing dose of ZA application up to 2.38 g / pot. Increasing the dose gave an insignificant increase in growth (P <0.05), likewise in spinach plants. However, higher doses caused a significant reduction in the number of spinach leaves (P <0.05). The fresh weight of kale roots and shoots significantly increased by an average of 50.74% and 36.57% compared to the control. While the spinach plant experienced an increase in the average root and shoot fresh weight significantly by 50.76% and 53.10% compared to the control. Water spinach plants accumulated more Pb in the crown with an average Translocation Factor (TF) value of 1.09. Meanwhile, spinach plants accumulated more Pb in their roots with an average TF value of 0.75. These results suggest that the application of ZA increases the Pb uptake of plant hyperaccumulators from vegetables. However, spinach is safer to eat because heavy metals are accumulated in the roots. Keywords: Phyitoremediation, Lead, water spinach, spinach, ZA, Translocation.

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and white river crayfish (P. acutus acutus) production for monoculture and polyculture systems were compared. The experiment consisted of three treatments with six replicates each. The stocking rates were 43 crayfish/m2 in 0.18-m2 tanks fitted with a stand of green rice. Each tank contained six crayfish, either six individuals of the same species or three individuals of each species. The mean stocking size for monoculture and polyculture were 32.6 ± 0.05 and 33.0 ± 0.07 mm total length, respectively. Survival and growth was assessed at 30-day intervals over a 90-day experimental period. Survival of two species was the same in the monoculture system (62.5%). Survival of P. clarkii in the polyculture system (25.0%) was significantly lower than in the monoculture system (62.5%), whereas P. acutus acutus survived at similar rate in the polyculture system (41.7%) and monoculture system (62.5%). Survival was lower but growth was higher in the polyculture system than in the monoculture system for both species. Growth of P. acutus acutus in the polyculture system was significantly greater than in the monoculture system. No difference was observed in the growth of P. clarkii between polyculture and monoculture and the overall growth of P. acutus acutus and P. clarkii was similar for the 90 days. Yield did not differ significantly between monoculture and polyculture systems (P < 0.05). Total yields were in 1.15 kg/ha in monoculture and 1.18 kg/ha in polyculture.

Increased cadmium (Cd) level in foods due to anthropogenic activities is a serious concern to public health. This study investigated the efficacy of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application to mitigate adverse effects of Cd toxicity in water spinach plant. The seeds (cv. Gimakolmi) were primed with MeJA (2.5 and 5 µM) and grown under two levels of Cd (10 and 20 µM CdCl2) with or without the respected levels of MeJA solutions under the hydroponic system. The experiment was set in a completely randomized design with three replications maintaining seven growth conditions: (1) Control, (2) Cd10, (3) Cd20, (4) Cd10MJ2.5, (5) Cd10MJ5, (6) Cd20MJ2.5 and (7) Cd20MJ5. Cd-stress significantly hindered growth and photosynthesis; induced oxidative damage accumulating higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents; enhanced activities of antioxidative enzymes and increased Cd uptake in water spinach plant. The treatments Cd10MJ5 and Cd20MJ5 stimulated plant growth by increasing total dry mass (66% and 38%) and rate of photosynthesis (51% and 55%) of water spinach under two levels of Cd stress, respectively. Application of 5 µM MeJA considerably reduced leaf MDA (32% and 17% compared to Cd10 and Cd20, respectively) and H2O2 contents (49 and 42%) and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (71% and 6%), catalase (120% and 61%) and peroxidase (57% and 65%) enzymes with reduced uptake of total Cd (38% and 45%) in water spinach plant. Conclusively, 5 µM MeJA effectively mitigated Cd toxicity in water spinach plant and can be adopted in Cd-contaminated areas with further field trials.

The problems of fish and plant cultivation are limited land, decreasing quality and quantity of water for human needs, food sources, and increasing population on earth. Optimization of fish farming with high stocking densities accompanied by high feeding will cause accumulation of organic matter in the culture containers which will worsen the quality of the rearing water which will ultimately have an impact on the physiological conditions, survival and growth of fish. One of the technologies for growing vegetables, fruit and fish farming that has been developed to overcome these obstacles is the Budikdamber system with red tilapia organisms and water spinach plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of water with different stocking densities in the Budikdamber system with water spinach and without water spinach. The experimental design used a factorial complete randomized design with density treatment (A (2 fish/10L), B (4 fish/10L), C (6 fish/10L), D(8 fish/10L) and system (budikdamber with water spinach) (a) and without water spinach (b)). The results showed that temperature parameters ranged from 22.4 - 30.6°C, pH ranged from 6.4 - 8.9, and DO ranged from 1.07 - 16.4 mg/l. Parameters of temperature, pH, and DO are in a range that is not in accordance with optimum conditions (temperature = 25-32°C, pH = 6.5 – 8, and DO ≥3 ), but can still be tolerated by tilapia so that fish tilapia still survive. Water spinach plants can reduce ammonia so that the ammonia value in the treatment using kale decreased from week 1 to 4 and conversely, for budikdamber without water spinach, it increased from week 1 to week 4. The highest SR value was found in the Ba treatment (4 fish/10 liters) with water spinach is 91.67%.

 Informasi Jurnal Kata Kunci:               Fitoremediasi, Tanaman Kangkung Air (Ipomoea aquatica), logam berat Besi (Fe)AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan konsentrasi air sumur sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan fitoremediasi, kemampuan tanaman kangkung air (Ipomoea aquatica) dalam meyerap kadar besi (Fe) pada air sumur dan pengaruh penyerapan kadar besi (Fe) pada kangkung air sesudah fitoremediasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode fitoremediasi dengan memanfaatkan tanaman kangkung air. Analisis yang digunakan adalah Spektrofotometri UV-Vis, faktor biokonsentrasi, faktor translokasi. Hasil Penelitian di dapatkan konsentrasi (Fe) pada air sumur sebelum perlakuan sebesar 1,40 mg/L, sesudah perlakuan dengan variasi 10, 15, dan 20 tangkai berturut-turut 1,29 mg/L, 0,95 mg/L, dan 0,61 mg/L. Kangkung air mampu menyerap kadar besi (Fe) pada air sumur dengan penyerapan tertinggi terjadi di akar dengan jumlah variasi 20 tangkai sebesar 937,5 mg/kg. Terdapat pengaruh sesudah dilakukan perlakuan fitoremediasi terhadap terjadinya penyerapan kadar besi (Fe) pada air sumur..    Keyword:Phytoremediation, water spinach plant (Ipomoea aquatica), heavy metal iron (Fe).AbstractThis study aims to determine the difference in well water concentrations before and after phytoremediation treatment, the ability of water spinach plants (Ipomoea aquatica) to absorb iron (Fe) levels in well water and the effect of absorption of iron (Fe) levels in water spinach after phytoremediation. The Method used is the phytoremediation method by utilizing water spinach plants. The analysis used is UVVis spectrophotometry, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor. The research results obtained the concentration (Fe) in well water before treatment amounted to 1.40 mg/L, after treatment with a variation of 10, 15, and 20 stalks respectively 1.29 mg/L, 0.95 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L. Water spinach is able to absorb iron (Fe) levels in well water with the highest absorption occurring in the roots with the number of variations of 20 stalks amounting to 937.5 mg/kg. There is an influence after the phytoremediation treatment on the absorption of iron (Fe) levels in well water.

Crop productivity around the world is being seriously affected by adverse environmental conditions. High temperature (HT) stress has severely hampered plant growth, yield, and quality. Water spinach is a significant heat-resilient green leafy vegetable that can mitigate prolonged HT stress. However, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations that occur in its response to heat stress remain unknown. In this study, the physiological response to HT stress in water spinach plants with different temperature (25-control, 30, 35, 40, 45 °C) tolerances was investigated. When plants were subjected to HT over a long period of time, their growth was stunted. The results showed that no significant difference was seen between the control (25 °C) and 30 °C for some traits (root shoot fresh weight, root morphological traits, and leaf gas exchanges parameters). Further, HT (35, 40, and 45 °C) stress significantly reduced the growth status, the gas exchange parameters, the pigment content, the photosystem function, and the root architecture system of water spinach. Conversely, HT stress considerably enhanced secondary metabolites in terms of total phenolics, flavonoids, soluble sugars, and anthocyanin content. Furthermore, heat stress remarkably increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused cellular membrane damage. HT stress effectively altered the antioxidant defense system and caused oxidative damage. Generally, HT has an adverse effect on the enzyme activity of water spinach, leading to cell death. However, the current study found that temperatures ≥35 °C had an adverse effect on the growth of water spinach. Further research will be needed to examine the mechanism and the gene expression involved in the cell death that is caused by temperature stress in water spinach plants.

Currently, the problem of increasingly limited land availability has led to increasingly limited cultivation activities. The decreasing number of large cultivation locations requires people to be more creative in utilizing narrow locations and in saving water. Fish farming in buckets is a potential solution for aquaculture in a narrow area with more efficient use of water, easy for the community to do in their respective homes with relatively small capital, and finally able to meet the nutritional needs of the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) kept in buckets using water spinach plants (Ipomoea aquatica). This research used two treatments, namely P0: control (fish farming in buckets without using plants) and P1: fish farming in buckets using plants. Parameters observed were absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, feed efficiency, and survival. The results showed that the P1 treatment resulted in an absolute weight growth of 3.44 g, an absolute length growth of 1.12 cm, feed efficiency of 93.08%, and survival of 100%. While the P0 treatment resulted in absolute weight growth of 3.92 g, absolute length growth of 1.21 cm, feed efficiency 81.75 %, and survival of 82.5%. Rearing tilapia in buckets without water spinach plants better results than using water spinach plants.

Somantri RU, Syahri S, Thamrin T. 2019. Agronomic and economic analysis of soybeans which is grew by monoculture and polyculture systems in South Sumatra. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands. 8(2):159-172. The presence of shade and other limiting factors in the crops of plantation plants will certainly affect the growth and soybean yield were compared by monoculture. The objective of the research was to know of agronomic performance and farming feasibility of soybeans which are cultivated by polyculture and monoculture systems. Soybeans were planted in two systems namely monoculture (soybean) and polyculture (soybean are intercropped with 3 years of rubber trees). Both of Dena 1 and Anjasmoro varieties were cropped in those systems. Soybeans are cropped by using planting machine (ATBJ) which has planting distance 20 cm x 40 cm (1-2 seeds per hole). Plants were fertilized with 50 kg Urea per ha, 150 kg TSP per ha, 150 kg KCl per ha, manure 2,000 kg per ha, and dolomite 1,000 kg per ha. Mower were used for harvesting. The results showed that the growth and soybean yield in monoculture system was better than the polyculture. Yield of Anjasmoro in monoculture was 15.35 ku per ha, whereas the polyculture was 4.72 ku per ha. Meanwhile, the productivity of Dena 1 was 14.80 ku per ha and 7.38 ku per ha in polyculture system. The polyculture had a higher value of the land equivalent ratio than monoculture of rubber trees. Economically, the two planting systems that were examined also deserve to be done by farmers, where the value R/C &gt; 1

Water spinach (Ipomoea reptans) is a plant with quite high productivity every year. so that the growing media planted should be safe for the environment and plants. One planting medium that has many benefits for plants is casgot fertilizer which comes from the residue of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae that consume fermented feed with microorganisms, namely the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UNJCC Y-87 and Amino Acids. This research aimed to determine the effect of the yeast S. cerevisiae UNJCC Y-87 and amino acids on the wet weight of BSF larvae and the effect of casgot fertilizer produced from BSF larvae residue on water spinach plants The method used was an experiment with an experimental design, namely a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 3 treatments with 5 repetitions of BSF fermented feed. Meanwhile, to apply casgot fertilizer to water spinach plants, 4 treatments were carried out with 4 repetitions. The results of the research showed that for fermented feed treatment with the addition of the yeast microorganism S. cerevisiae UNJCC Y-87 and amino acids of the wet weight of BSF larvae were superior in terms of morphology. Meanwhile, the results of the growth of water spinach plants showed that the treatment of casgot fertilizer containing the yeast S. cerevisiae UNJCC Y-87 was better in terms of plant morphology.

Methyl jasmonate induced responses in four plant species and its effect on Spodoptera litura Fab. performance

Selection of a phytoextraction plant with high Cd accumulation potential based on compatibility with mechanized cultivation practice and local environmental conditions may provide more benefits than selection based mainly on high Cd tolerance plants. In this hydroponics study, the potential of Cd accumulation by three plant species; arum (Colocasia antiquorum), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) were investigated. Arum (Colocasia antiquorum L.) plants were grown for 60 days in a nutrient solution with 0, 10 or 50 μM Cd, while radish and water spinach plants grew only 12 days in 0, 1.5, 2.5, 5 or 10 μM Cd. Growth of radish and water spinach plants decreased under all Cd treatments (1.5 to 10 μM), while arum growth decreased only at 50 μM Cd. At 10 μM Cd treatment, the growth of arum was similar to the control treatment indicating higher tolerance of arum for Cd than radish and water spinach. Cadmium concentrations in different plant parts of all plant species increased significantly with Cd application in the nutrient solution. Arum and water spinach retained greater proportions of Cd in their roots, while in radish, Cd concentration in leaves was higher than in other plant parts. Cadmium concentrations in arum increased from 158 to 1,060 in the dead leaves, 37 to 280 in the normal leaves, 108 to 715 in the stems, 42 to 290 in the bulbs and 1,195 to 3,840 mg kg−1 in the roots, when the Cd level in the solution was raised from 10 μM Cd to 50 μM Cd. Arum accumulated (dry weight × concentration) 25 mg plant−1 at 10 μM, while the corresponding values for radish and water spinach were 0.23 and 0.44 mg plant−1, respectively. With no growth retardation at Cd concentrations as high as 166 mg kg−1 measured in entire plant (including root) of arum at 10 μM Cd in the nutrient solution, arum could be a potential Cd accumulator plant species and could be used for phytoremediation.

Aquaculture activities with floating net cages are considered sources of organic pollution through the accumulation of uneaten feed and excretion of fish metabolism in reservoir waters. Thus it is required to have aquaculture technology that can reduce the pollutant load of floating net cages. One of the technologies used is plants to absorb nutrients, such as aquaponics technology applied in reservoir waters. This study aimed to determine the ability of vegetables to reduce nutrients from aquaculture activities. The study was conducted in 2016 in a laboratory-scale experiment using green spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L), red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L), pakcoy (Brassica rapa), and water spinach (Ipomea reptans) to treat nutrient waste from a carp fish culture. The results showed that the highest NO2 removal efficiency was pakcoy (98.44%), followed by water spinach (88.15%). The highest removal efficiency of NO3 was water spinach (69.49%). The highest removal efficiency of PO4 was also water spinach (48.38%), while the highest removal efficiency of total organic matter was in water spinach (42.86%) and pakcoy (51.28%). Water spinach plants have the highest ability to absorb nutrients N, P, and organic matter so that they can be used as nutrient-reducing plants in friendly floating net cage culture.

Low salinity aquaponics of vannamei shrimp and water spinach is an environmentally friendly cultivation method with the advantage of converting waste into high-value plants, land efficiency, clean water efficiency, and production of healthy food. This research aimed to calculate N and P waste from feed, which becomes shrimp, the role of water spinach in absorbing total N and total P at different shrimp densities and the same density. This research compared 3 treatments, namely Treatment A) shrimp density of 1,000 ind/m3 + 20 net pots of water spinach; B) 2,000 ind/m3 + 20 net pots of water spinach; and C) 3,000 ind/m3 + 20 netpots of water spinach. Shrimp were raised in containers measuring 70cm × 40 cm × 40 cm with a volume of 50 liter, while water spinach was grown in aquariums measuring 50 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm or a volume of 50 liter. In addition, shrimp were maintained for 70 days, and water spinach was subjected to two cycles with a maintenance period of 25 days per cycle. To support shrimp growth, feed with a protein content of 30-40% was also provided at a dosage of 10-5% of the biomass weight in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The results of the research on the combination of different shrimp densities and the same water spinach density showed that the higher the density of TN and TP waste shrimp, the higher the results were, so that the efficiency of the best water spinach plants in treatment A was with the highest shrimp productivity with the lowest N and P water quality.

Chili is one of the horticulture crops with the highest commercial value. Farmers can cultivate chili in intercropping systems with water spinach plants as a land-saving alternative. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal chili planting distance and water spinach planting timing for increasing chili plant growth in chili-water spinach intercropping cultivation. A factorial randomized group design was adopted in this study. The first consideration was the spacing between the chili plants, which measure 50´70 cm and 50´50 cm, respectively. The second aspect was to plant water spinach at the same time as chili, one week after planting (1 WAP) chili, and 2 WAP chili. The findings indicate that optimum spacing and planting time for water spinach can improve the growth of chili plants. When chili plants were spaced 50´70 cm apart, their height and number of leaves increased dramatically. When compared to other treatments, the planting time of water spinach 1-2 WAP chili resulted in significantly higher plant height and number of leaves. All growth variables examined were significantly influenced by the interaction of 50´70 cm and water spinach planting time 2 weeks after chili planting. Keywords: chili, intercropping, planting distance, planting time, water spinach

Formation of methyl mercury in an aquatic macrophyte