Basic Income, Labour Power, and the Exit Option – An Empirical Examination

This article contributes to the literature on basic income and work by articulating the case for disentangling the normative justification of basic income from the structural and temporal imperatives of the capitalist wage relation and the work ethic. It begins with a survey of the major normative justifications of basic income and their respective orientations towards capitalist development and labour markets. Next it presents an argument against tying the justification of basic income to posited labour supply responses based on predicted technological change, the extant empirical evidence from pilots or technical policy simulations. It then addresses the politico-cultural barrier to basic income presented by the wage relation and the work ethic, and critically evaluates the ‘exit option’ argument for basic income. The article concludes that asserting a right to an ad vitam basic income is an ethically justified and politically astute step towards a necessary decentring of (capitalist) work in basic income scholarship and advocacy.

The article discusses the conditions under which can we say that people enter the economic system voluntarily. “The Need for an Exit Option” briefly explains the philosophical argument that voluntary interaction requires an exit option—a reasonable alternative to participation in the projects of others. “The Treatment of Effective Forced Labor in Economic and Political Theory” considers the treatment of effectively forced interaction in economic and political theory. “Human Need” discusses theories of human need to determine the capabilities a person requires to have an acceptable exit option. “Capability in Cash, Kind, or Raw Resources” considers what form access to that level of capability should take—in cash, kind, or raw resources, concluding that a basic income guarantee is the most effective method to ensure an exit option in a modern, industrial economy.

Entrepreneurship is one of the ways you can get a side income to improve the family's economic life. At a time when there's a lot of competition in the world of work. On the other hand, there is a labor force that has not obtained a job that corresponds to the level of education it has. There is also a labour force that does not get a job because it does not have an education. Therefore, in addition to obtaining side income, entrepreneurship is one of the ways that can be done to make a living, because it is the only source of income. The first step that can be taken to foster entrepreneurial interest is the construction of entrepreneurship where the source is the source that really struggles in the business world so that it can motivate the participants. This dedication will be held in the Pondok Pesantren Ruhul Qur'an that lies in the Mediterranean extension Blk HH 3 A no. 18-23. This dedication is a young age, so it is worthy to be given an understanding and insight into entrepreneurship so that it can be one of the sources of economic income in the future. This dedication is expected to make a positive contribution to the participants

This chapter is premised on the view that the human rights movement needs to address and respond to the fundamental changes that are taking place in economic and social structures at the national and global levels. In this setting one of the most vibrant proposals is to replace or supplement existing social protection systems with a universal basic income (UBI). The chapter reflects on how a UBI does and should relate to analogous efforts within the framework of international human rights law. It argues that UBI offers a bold and imaginative solution to pressing problems that are about to become far more intractable as a result of the directions in which the global economy appears inexorably to be heading. While there are many objections relating to affordability in particular, the concept should not be rejected out of hand on the grounds that it is utopian. In today’s world of severe economic insecurity, creativity in social policy is necessary. The chapter concludes by calling for the debates over social protection floors and a UBI to be brought together, rather than being kept largely separate in a counter-productive and ultimately self-defeating way.

This chapter is premised on the view that the human rights movement needs to address and respond to the fundamental changes that are taking place in economic and social structures at the national and global levels. In this setting one of the most vibrant proposals is to replace or supplement existing social protection systems with a universal basic income (UBI). The chapter reflects on how a UBI does and should relate to analogous efforts within the framework of international human rights law. It argues that UBI offers a bold and imaginative solution to pressing problems that are about to become far more intractable as a result of the directions in which the global economy appears inexorably to be heading. While there are many objections relating to affordability in particular, the concept should not be rejected out of hand on the grounds that it is utopian. In today’s world of severe economic insecurity, creativity in social policy is necessary. The chapter concludes by calling for the debates over social protection floors and a UBI to be brought together, rather than being kept largely separate in a counter-productive and ultimately self-defeating way.

Problem, research strategy, and findings The rapid growth of basic income programs in U.S. cities raises questions about the contributions of no-strings-attached cash payments to common equity planning goals. Drawing on a database of more than 100 basic income trials and interviews with 75 program designers and administrators, we evaluated basic income’s potential uses in planning. First, we analyzed evaluations of completed basic income trials, linking the policy’s effects to common equity planning goals. Second, we identified pathways from basic income trials to permanent policy and program reform. We found that large-scale, public basic income trials are likely to lead to reform in state-level social policy and that private and hybrid programs have multiple pathways for renewal, expansion, and replication. Takeaways for practice Planners can maximize the contributions of basic income programs to equity planning goals by distinguishing among the different capacities and scale-up options for public, private and hybrid programs. Practitioners focused on policy change and securing additional state resources for low-income households should prioritize publicly financed basic income trials and seek to translate basic income demonstrations into state-level policy change. Practitioners focused on “wicked” problems within narrowly defined subcommunities should focus on hybrid and private programs, which expand the capacities of community organizations and secure funding renewal from foundations. Important though these distinctions between programs are, all types of basic income programs contribute directly household resources, stability and capabilities, and all three types have led to either expanded basic income programs or the addition of no-strings-attached cash to other programs.

When G20 leaders gathered in London in April 2009, they confronted the greatest challenge to the world economy since the Great Depression, as global output was falling, trade flows drying up and jobs disappearing around the world. Yet whereas the failure of world leaders to act together in the 1930s led to terrible consequences, the decisive action taken by the G20 in London – in the shape of the largest global fiscal stimulus ever – prevented the precipitous decline of the global economy into depression (G20, 2009a). Today, while the recovery is not assured, the banking system has been stabilised, industrial output is rising again across major and emerging economies, international trade is starting to recover and confidence has improved. With the process of recovery far from complete and 61 million people unemployed as a result of this crisis (ILO, 2009), we must continue to guard against complacency. Sustained assistance will be vital not only for the G20 economies, but also for the more than 160 countries that lie outside that grouping – particularly the low-income countries that are home to the ‘bottom billion’ (Collier, 2007). Far from being insulated from the financial crisis, as many observers had thought, people in these countries are finding their livelihoods – even their lives – under threat. In this article I examine the impact of the global economic crisis on these low-income countries, outline the impact of the immediate response package agreed by the G20 and suggest three priorities for collaborative global action this year in order to ensure that low-income countries are part of the recovery: reforming the World Bank; completing the Doha Round; and committing to a partnership for development in order to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015.

Open-air have become an essential element of the post-socialist transitional space. They appear over vast area from China to Poland and Germany. Coupled with the huge scale and meaningful trading, they formed new phenomenon in the economic, social, political and cultural life. Markets have become mechanism of economic survival for the vast number of people who have lost their former status and sources of income; they created the launching pad for the formation of small and medium-sized businesses. For some time they have been key element of the supply of goods and wage, especially for low-income strata. As the first and final points of shuttle trading system, have integrated into the global system of relationships, not only trade ones, but socio-cultural as well. Open-air have become an important area of economic activity for the cross-border migrant workers, facilitating their economic and cultural integration. In conjunction with their huge role in promoting Chinese and Turkish goods into the emerging markets, the have been treated in urban communities as markets, namely Chinese, Kyrgyz and Caucasian. As such, they quickly outgrew usual marketplaces and turned into sophisticated and self-developing social organisms, clumps of social connections, networks, conflict places, power and control mechanisms. In many Russian cities the largest and migrant clusters formed around these markets. They became a meeting and place of daily mass contacts, cooperation and conflicts; representatives of different languages, cultures and traditions. Markets have gained tremendous symbolic importance, commonly representing lot of new forms of life, economic and cultural practices, ways of social contacts and relationships. The end of the post-socialist era drew line under this very role of markets. They have not disappeared completely, but changed themselves and change their function and place in the community. Many of the have been closed, the remaining ones have been marginalized and relegated to the outskirts of cities and in the periphery of economic life. They are changing their format; and on the site of the former wholesale and retail in the open air now there are hypermarkets, malls, etc. This does not mean the end of ethnic business; it is also being rebuilt and efficiently developing new formats and new rules of the game. Great importance of in the era of post-socialist transitional space is paradoxically combined with weak public attention and little research. Political turmoil and social upheavals overshadowed this problem in the minds of people and in the views of researchers. The purpose of this text is to classify and organize what we know (and what we presumably do not know) about the open-air ethnic markets in the post-Soviet era. Perhaps this work will formulate an agenda for future research.

Mental disorders are health problems that affect the quality of life. The presence of People with Mental Disorders in the family affects financial capacity because destructive behavior increases the financial burden. Improving health is an investment in development through productive social and economic life. Efforts to improve health must be carried out together with increasing family economic independence. Ecoprint is a business choice because it is environmentally friendly and in demand by the community. This community service activity carries the theme of economic independence for People with Mental Disorders families by optimizing the role of cadres as drivers through Ecoprint entrepreneurship. Cadres are given entrepreneurship training, until a business unit is realized. Furthermore, cadres become the driving force for People with Mental Disorders families to be trained to make ecoprints to become a source of income. The purpose of the activity was to increase participants' knowledge and skills in making ecoprints. The activity was carried out for 2 days. The results showed an increase in participant knowledge from an average pretest of 56.7 to 82.1 posttest. There was an increase in cadre skills, the production results were 20 tote bags and 10 pieces of ecoprint cloth that were ready to be marketed. Ecoprint has great potential to be in demand by the market because it follows fashion trends and is considered environmentally friendly. Optimal support from all parties is highly expected for the smooth running of cadre assistance efforts in realizing the economic independence of People with Mental Disorders families.

Objective: to form a holistic view of the unconditional basic income as a tool of social protection, taking into account the changes in the labor sphere and allowing to solve a number of growing problems associated with the consequences of the economy digitalization, as well as to assess the prospects of creating legal regulation on this issue. Methods: the study was conducted using both general and specific scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method, systemic and comparative approaches, methods of legal forecasting and legal modeling. Results: unconditional basic income can become one of the elements of a new model of social security based on the unstable nature of labor relations, which begins to prevail over the model of sustainable employment traditional for industrial society. If established, this institution will be cross-sectoral within the labor law and social security law, providing social protection simultaneously to all members of society, most of whom in the near future will face an increased risk of being absorbed by technological unemployment. Unconditional basic income as an element of the social protection system will have to comply with the principle of the universal nature of protection based on social solidarity, on the one hand, and to take into account the need to balance the interests of the parties, on the other hand. As experimental models of basic income, which can be put into practice in the coming years, we can name the model of basic income as a measure of social support for persons involved in atypical forms of employment. This model will affect a number of existing provisions of labor legislation and will allow over time, in case of technological unemployment, to expand the circle of unconditional basic income recipients to all people. Scientific novelty: it consists in the fact that the unconditional basic income is analyzed from the viewpoint of its compliance with the fundamental principles of labor, employment, and social security. Practical significance: it consists in revealing the significance of basic income for the implementation of social policy and in forming recommendations for modeling experiments to introduce the unconditional basic income in the Russian Federation.

The municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes presents a tradition in agricultural activities, be it in the cultivation of sugar cane and maize, or in the cultivation of vegetables produced in rural agrarian reform settlements. The families of the rural settlements seek to survive through agricultural and non-agricultural activities, which generate income and help them stay in the countryside. In this way, the present article sought to understand the concepts of pluriactivity and creative economy, addressing how the concepts are associated and inserted in the context of the different sources of income in the field, through subdivisions of the creative economy and how they occur and contribute to rural economic activities. The use of creativity is present in all aspects of economic and social life, and the designated creative activities can be seen not only where the countryside is valued as a tourism and leisure space, but also in the rural environment in general, as in the settlements. The methodology adopted was based on an interdisciplinary approach, with the combination of both exploratory and descriptive character, through semi-structured interviews with families of the IV nucleus of the Zumbi dos Palmares settlement program in Campos dos Goytacazes. As a main result, the research showed that pluriactivity contributes to the generation of income and maintenance of families in the countryside and is associated with some so-called creative activities, in which family groups develop strategies for a continuous reorganization of production, consumption and conviviality with the nature.

This book confronts the hotly debated prospect of mounting job losses from automation, and the divergent hopes and fears that prospect evokes, and proposes a strategy for mitigating the losses and spreading the gains from shrinking demand for human labor. Leading economists have concluded that automation is already exacerbating inequality by destroying more decent middle-skill jobs than it is creating. As ongoing innovations in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics continue to chip away at the comparative advantages of human labor in a range of work tasks, those innovations are likely to yield growing job losses in the foreseeable future—or likely enough that we should reckon with this prospect. The book argues that we should set our collective sights on ensuring broad access to adequate incomes, more free time, and decent remunerative work even in a world with less of it. That will require not a single “magic bullet” solution like universal basic income or a federal job guarantee, but rather a multifaceted strategy centered on conserving, creating, and spreading work. The book elaborates that strategy in the US context, but much of it is broadly relevant to other advanced economies. And while the proposed strategy is designed to address a foreseeable future of job scarcity, it will also help to rebalance lives already plagued by either too much work or not enough and to counter both economic inequality and racial stratification. The proposed strategy makes sense here and now, and especially as we face up to a future of less work.

The jury is out and the verdict is in, according to most leftist commentators on the African National Congress (ANC) government. The South African political leadership has forgotten its institution...

In November 2007, the Universal Declaration of Emergent Human Rights was approved at the Universal Forum of Cultures in Monterrey, Mexico. Article 1.3 reads: The right to a basic income or universal citizen’s income that guarantees to every human being, independently of age, gender, sexual orientation, civil or employment status, the right to live in material conditions of dignity. To this end, a regular cash payment, financed by tax reforms and covered by the state budget, and sufficient to cover his or her basic needs, is recognized as a right of citizenship of every member-resident of he society, whatever his or her other sources of income may be.1 The importance of article 1.3 of the Monterrey Declaration lies, first of all, in the fact that, rather than speaking of the right to subsistence, or of having certain minimal vital needs covered in case of the onset of poverty or some catastrophe, it specifically upholds the “right to a basic income or universal citizen’s income” as a guarantee to every single individual of the “right to live in material conditions of dignity.” This is tantamount to pledging that no individual will be excluded from the possibility of engaging in social life and exercising his or her rights and duties as a citizen because of acute poverty.KeywordsBasic IncomeMaterial ExistenceArbitrary InterferenceEffective FreedomHistorical RepublicanismThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The article is a voice in the discussion on the directions of the evolution of the global economy. The reference plane is a reflection J. Rifkin's book titled: The Zero marginal Cost Society. The article critically analyzed some of the assumptions and conclusions contained in the work of Rifkin. The main topics of discussion included the reality of such principles as the need to reduce the human population, or total elimination of intellectual property rights. On the other hand, the dubious trends was inter alia dominance of communities production in the world economy already about half the twenty-first century. Also pointed to issues relevant to the future development strategies completely omitted in the work of Rifkin.