Abstract
As a kind of experimental system with superior potential (Kok et al. 2007, Rev Mod Phys 79(1):135–174; Myers and Laflamme 2005, Linear optics quantum computation: an overview) realizing quantum computation and quantum communication, a linear optical system has its unique advantage, mainly reflected in: elements realizing photon operation usually work at ambient temperature, besides some special photon preparation and detection occasions, nearly no additional cooling equipment is required; linear optical system is a natural decoherence-free system, which is not nearly coupled with the environment under conventional conditions, and can be transmitted freely in free space and light guide with few loss, thus, it is fit for communication. This thesis carries out quantum information application research mainly based on the linear optical system. This chapter first introduces basic concepts of quantum information and mainly includes quantum correlation and quantum entanglement, quantum decoherence, and quantum measurement. Next, it introduces basic experimental techniques in the linear optical system, including the preparation of single photon and entangled photons, the basic framework of linear optical quantum computation and the measurement in linear optics.
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