Barriers and Violence Against Female Street Runners: A Sociodemographic Analysis in a Brazilian Metropolis

This article focuses on the health impacts of the gender-based violence (GBV) experienced by migrant and refugee women (MRW) survivors in their migration/settlement journeys in Canada, and their challenges in accessing healthcare. Adopting a feminist and intersectional lens, I draw upon qualitative in-depth interviews with 48 migrant women conducted between 2020 and 2022. GBV is a frequent experience in the migration and (re)settlement journey and has wide-ranging and cross-secting emotional-psychological, socio-economic, physical, as well as sexual and reproductive health consequences which, in turn, impact settlement and integration and may increase vulnerability to further GBV as a result. Drawing upon a “social determinants of health” approach, I aim to understand the workings of barriers to healthcare access and help seeking for MRW survivors of GBV in Canada. The social determinants of health involve structural (e.g., legal, financial, linguistic, knowledge, healthcare access) barriers, mediated by gender, intersecting with various positionalities and identities. GBV unambiguously impacts on the health and well-being of all survivors, but the extent of harm varies significantly depending on the intersections of positions and identities of survivors. The migration context entails unique barriers to MRW help seeking and healthcare access as well as aggravates the impacts of other barriers on MRW. My objective is to show how GBV affects the health status of MRW survivors in Canada in the specific context of healthcare access and help-seeking barriers MRW face, conceptualized as risk factors for reproducing GBV.

Collegiate female distance runners may be at risk for low energy availability (LEA) due to increased exercise energy expenditure with or without decreased energy intake. Furthermore, this population has an increased risk of disordered eating (DE), which can lead to LEA and negative health consequences, such as menstrual dysfunction (MD). To (1) investigate risk of LEA, DE, and MD; (2) compare DE, training volume, and weight dissatisfaction between female collegiate runners at risk and those not at risk for LEA; and (3) compare the risk for LEA between National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III female collegiate runners. Cross-sectional study. Free-living conditions. A total of 287 female runners who competed on a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, or III cross-country team, track team, or both. Participants completed a 45-item questionnaire that included the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and the Disordered Eating Screen for Athletes (DESA-6). We observed that 54.4% (n = 156) of runners were at risk for LEA (LEAF-Q score ≥ 8), 40.8% (n = 117) were at risk for DE (DESA-6 score ≥ 3), and 56.5% (n = 162) reported MD (LEAF-Q menstrual function subsection score ≥ 4). Athletes at risk for LEA had higher DESA-6 scores than athletes not at risk for LEA (P < .001). Athletes at risk for LEA had greater weight dissatisfaction than those not at risk for LEA ( = 15.92, P = .001). Higher weekly training volume was not associated with risk for LEA ( = 4.20, P = .11). A substantial percentage of collegiate female runners were found to be at risk for LEA and DE and to report MD. These findings demonstrate that the risks for DE, MD, and weight dissatisfaction are associated with risk for LEA.

As we reach the midpoint of the first decade of the twenty-first century, we are also at the midpoint in the timeline of the American Heart Association (AHA) strategic plan to reduce coronary heart disease, stroke, and risk by 25% by the year 2010.1,2 Encouraging evidence demonstrates important gains toward that goal, with decreases in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality, as well as reductions in certain risk factors such as cigarette consumption and untreated hypercholesterolemia. Still, troubling evidence indicates that other ominous risk factors—physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, diabetes, and hypertension—are on the rise,3 especially among adolescents and young adults, and these may contribute to the next wave of the cardiovascular epidemic. And there is undeniable evidence that not all Americans have shared equally in the improved cardiovascular outcomes. Individuals in specific subgroups defined by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography have a disproportionate burden of myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and other cardiovascular events. These individuals also have a worse outcome after these events, including higher mortality rates, and a higher prevalence of unrecognized and untreated risk factors places them at greater likelihood of experiencing these events. Differences such as these arise not only from disparities in access to care and quality of care but also from disparities in awareness and access to knowledge. Disparities in cardiovascular prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes have been documented in a number of publications from the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS),4–6 the Institute of Medicine,7 and the Kaiser Family Foundation,8 and reports of continuing racial and ethnic disparities appear regularly in cardiovascular scientific journals.9,10 If this unacceptable situation fails to be rectified, it is unlikely that the AHA’s 2010 goals or the DHHS Healthy People 2010 goals can be achieved. In the autumn …

Introduction Gender-based and sexual violence is a major public health problem in university settings, and may contribute to eating disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between gender-based and sexual violence and eating disorders among university students. Methods In October 2024, a cross-sectional study was carried out among volunteer students at Rouen University (France). Students completed an anonymous online questionnaire assessing experiences of GBSV and eating disorder symptoms. Eating disorders were assessed using the SCOFF and Expali tools, which allowed classification into four categories: restrictive, bulimia, binge eating disorder, or other types. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the relationship between sexual and gender-based violence and eating disorders, adjusting for potential confounders. Results The sample included 563 students (433 women, 177 men, and 13 non-binary), aged 18 to 30 years. Since the beginning of their studies, 51.7% (95% CI [47.5-55.9]) reported experiencing at least one form of GBSV. Among them, 63.6% were polyvictims. Overall, 54.5% of students had an eating disorder, including 62.4% of women and 23.9% of men. Bulimia and binge eating were the most common types across all genders. GBSV was significantly associated with eating disorders (adjusted OR = 2.03, 95% CI [1.40-2.93]), with a stronger association among men (aOR=12.1) than women (aOR=1.76). Polyvictims had a higher risk of eating disorders, particularly bulimia (adjusted OR = 2.48, 95% CI [1.52-4.03]), restrictive (adjusted OR = 2.76, 95% CI [1.08-7.08]), and binge eating behaviors (adjusted OR = 1.54, 95% CI [0.77-3.06]). Conclusions Exposure to gender-based and sexual violence was linked to eating disorder symptoms in both men and women, with a stronger effect in men. These findings highlight the need for early prevention and stronger support systems in universities to protect student mental health. Key messages • Gender-based and sexual violence is a major public health problem that increases the risk of eating disorders among students. • Investing in early prevention and support services in universities is essential to reduce the long-term impact of gender-based and sexual violence on mental health.

Lower extremity kinematics during running and hip abductor strength in iliotibial band syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Eating disorders (ED), disordered eating (DE) and low energy availability (LEA) can be detrimental to health and performance. Previous studies have independently investigated the prevalence of ED, DE or LEA; however, limited studies have combined methods identifying risk within female runners. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of ED, DE and LEA in United Kingdom-based female runners and associations between age, competition level and running distance. The Female Athlete Screening Tool (FAST) and Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) were used in a cross-sectional study design. A total of n = 524 responses eligible for analysis were received. A total of n = 248 (47.3%), n = 209 (40%) and n = 49 (9.4%) athletes were at risk of LEA, DE and ED, respectively. LEAF-Q scores differed based upon age (Age: H(3) = 23.998, p ≤ .05) and competitive level (Comp: H(1 ) = 7.682, p ≤ .05) whereas FAST scores differed based on age (Age: F(3,523) = 4.753, p ≤ .05). Tukey’s post-hoc tests showed significantly higher FAST scores in 18–24 years compared to all other age categories (p ≤ .05). Stepwise multiple regression demonstrated age and competitive level modestly predicted LEAF-Q scores (R 2 adj = 0.047, F(2,523) = 13.993, p ≤ .05, VIF = 1.0) whereas age modestly predicted FAST scores (R 2 adj = 0.022, F(1,523) = 12.711, p ≤ .05, VIF = 1.0). These findings suggest early identification, suitable screening methods and educational intervention programmes should be aimed at all levels of female endurance runners. Highlights A total of 524 female endurance completed a self-administered, online questionnaire screening for low energy availability, disordered eating and eating disorders risk. Age and competitive level modestly predicted low energy availability and age modestly predicted disordered eating and eating disorders in female endurance runners. A higher percentage of 18- to 24-year-old female endurance runners were at greater risk of low energy availability, disordered eating and eating disorders compared to other age categories. These findings highlight the need for regular screening in order to aid early interventions to prevent potential decrements in performance and health as endurance runners mature.

Toward Greater Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Equity: Increasing Provision and Uptake for Black and Hispanic/Latino Individuals in the U.S.

In low-income and middle-income countries, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, the COVID-19 pandemic has had substantial implications for women's wellbeing. Policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the gendered aspect of pandemics; however, addressing the gendered implications of the COVID-19 pandemic comprehensively and effectively requires a planetary health perspective that embraces systems thinking to inequalities. This Viewpoint is based on collective reflections from research done by the authors on COVID-19 responses by international and regional organisations, and national governments, in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa between June, 2020, and June, 2021. A range of international and regional actors have made important policy recommendations to address the gendered implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's health and wellbeing since the start of the pandemic. However, national-level policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have been partial and inconsistent with regards to gender in both sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, largely failing to recognise the multiple drivers of gendered health inequalities. This Viewpoint proposes that addressing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women in low-income and middle-income countries should adopt a systems thinking approach and be informed by the question of who is affected as opposed to who is infected. In adopting the systems thinking approach, responses will be more able to recognise and address the direct gendered effects of the pandemic and those that emerge indirectly through a combination of long-standing structural inequalities and gendered responses to the pandemic.

Preventing violence against women: beyond 16 days

Canada’s agricultural sector relies heavily on labour from Temporary Foreign Agricultural Workers (TFAWs). However, TFAWs experience complex vulnerabilities resulting from structural inequalities and discrimination within Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP). Multiple, diverse, intersecting social identities of TFAWs (e.g., gender, age, race, nationality, etc.) compound, making TFAWs more or less vulnerable to gender-based violence (GBV) and discrimination in Canada and at home. This scoping review contributes to conceptual and practical knowledge regarding GBV in Canada’s agricultural TFWP. This research was guided by four objectives: (1) Collect documented evidence regarding GBV and TFAWs in the agricultural sector; (2) Describe how GBV is experienced differently by diverse groups of TFAWs in Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia; (3) Understand how policies address or confront GBV experienced by TFAWs in these three provinces; (4) Outline existing infrastructure that supports TFAWs and how supports can be enhanced to better support TFAWs who experience GBV. Using a Gender-Transformative Approach informed by Systems Thinking and Intersectionality, this study examined how structures and institutions (formal and informal) create and exacerbate inequalities between TFAW. This study found that literature on TFAWs in Canada is gender-blind, with limited discussion or reporting on GBV within the program. National and transnational policies impacting the TFWP establish and maintain structural vulnerabilities and power imbalances, making TFAWs less likely to report grievances. If workers are to be adequately protected, holistic, cohesive, and diversified support mechanisms are needed to support TFAWs’ access to rights, services and protections against GBV in Canada’s TFWP.

This study aimed to explore the influence of socio-cultural factors on gender-based violence (GBV) within the multifaceted societal fabric of India. Recognizing the prevalence of GBV in various forms across the country, the research addressed the underlying social norms, practices, and cultural narratives that perpetuate this issue. Employing a mixed-method approach, the investigation included both qualitative and quantitative data, collecting insights through surveys, interviews, and case studies across different regions in India. The research problem revolved around understanding how deep-rooted cultural dynamics, such as caste systems, religious beliefs, and traditional gender roles, contribute to the persistence and acceptance of GBV. The methodology adopted was designed to offer a comprehensive overview of these complex interactions. Surveys measured the prevalence and attitudes towards GBV, while interviews with survivors, activists, and community leaders provided a deeper understanding of the lived experiences and societal pressures that influence GBV. Findings indicated that GBV in India is a multifaceted problem with roots in historical, cultural, and structural inequalities. There was a clear link between societal norms and the incidence of violence, with certain practices such as dowry and child marriage identified as significant contributors. Additionally, the study found that there is often a gap between existing laws and their implementation, further exacerbating the issue. The conclusion drawn emphasized that GBV in India cannot be viewed in isolation from its socio-cultural context. While legislation and policy efforts exist, they must be strengthened and coupled with societal change for effectiveness. Recommendations include the need for comprehensive educational programs to challenge and change harmful cultural norms, improved legal frameworks, and enforcement mechanisms, as well as increased support systems for survivors. The study advocates for a collaborative approach involving government, civil society, and local communities to address the root causes of GBV and promote gender equality. Keywords: Socio-Cultural Dynamics, GBV, Human rights, Deep Dive, Challenges, Barriers, Policies

Adding a Correction Factor to the Allocation of Scarce Life-saving Resources in a Pandemic

Introduction: Gender-based violence is prevalent globally causing disease and mortality. Violence against women is a global public health issue affecting people of all ages and genders. This study aimed to find the prevalence of gender-based physical violence in tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center among gender-based violence cases presenting to the one-stop crisis management center. Data was collected from 14 April 2021 to 12 April 2024 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Convenience sampling method was used. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel version 10 and analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results: Among 267 cases, female victims were found to be 258 (96.63%) and male victims were 9 (3.37%) in three years. A total of 107 (40.07%) were found to be Brahmin/Chhetri, the second was the Janajati Caste group, which was found to be 104 (38.95%). Physical violence victims were found to be the highest, which was 149 (55.81%). Conclusions: The prevalence of gender-based physical violence is found to be similar to other similar studies. Gender-based violence is a significant issue in developing nations like Nepal, requiring prioritization of education and awareness, prioritization of medicolegal cases, and strong legislation support for victims, particularly females.

BackgroundIn Sri Lanka, General Practitioners (GPs) meet survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) on daily basis. However, probably because GPs are not trained on GBV or hold negative GBV related attitudes,...

: Highly trained female athletes may experience loss of menses because of their participation in intense physical activity. Previous cross-sectional research has shown that women with exercise-induced menstrual irregularities have a significantly higher frequency of stress fractures and low bone mass than normally menstruating controls. Longitudinal studies suggest that these women are losing bone mass over time. Low serum estrogen levels are believed to be a principal cause of the bone loss. If so, reestablishing normal estrogen levels in these women should prevent or retard bone loss and decrease the incidence of stress fracture. This was a 2-year randomized trial of the effects of oral contraceptives on bone mass and stress fracture incidence among 150 female competitive distance runners ages 18-26 years. Coordinating Center was at Stanford University and bone mass was measured at five sites: Massachusetts General Hospital, University of California Los Angeles, University of Michigan, Stanford University/Palo Alto VA Medical Center, and Helen Hayes Hospital in West Haverstraw, New York. In addition to a publication from baseline data, two manuscripts from this study have been accepted for publication. One manuscript, The Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Bone Mass and Stress Fractures in Female Runners, concludes that oral contraceptives may reduce the risk for stress fracture, but these data are inconclusive. second manuscript, Risk Factors for Stress Fracture among Young Female Cross-Country Runners, found that a history of stress fractures, lower bone mass, lower dietary calcium intake, younger chronological age, younger age at menarche, and possibly a history of irregular menstrual periods were associated with an increased risk. Another manuscript, The Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Body Weight and Body Composition in Young Female Runners, will be submitted for publication shortly. Two other manuscripts are in preparation.