Barndomskonstruktioner i skole-hjem-relationen i Danmark: – et kritisk blik

BackgroundChildren are spending less leisure time with their friends in person and an increasing amount of time with digital screens. These changes may negatively affect children’s physical and mental health. The Screen-Free Time with Friends Feasibility Trial will test the feasibility, including acceptability and compliance, of an intervention designed to reduce screen media usage and encourage physical interaction with friends during leisure time in 9–11-year-old children.MethodsA non-randomized single-group feasibility trial will be conducted from March to October 2023 including approximately 75 children (aged 9–11 years) and 75 parents (at least 1 per child) from 3 different schools recruited from 3 different municipalities in Denmark. The Screen-Free Time with Friends intervention is a multicomponent intervention targeting families, afterschool clubs, and local communities. It has been developed using a systematic process guided by the Medical Research Council UK’s framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions. With a systems perspective in mind, the intervention and implementation approach has been designed to facilitate adaptation to the specific needs of diverse local communities while maintaining the core components of the intervention.Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention will be assessed during the intervention using process evaluation inspired by the RE-AIM framework including questionnaires and interviews with the municipality project managers, research team members, local ambassadors and stakeholders, parents and school, and afterschool club personnel. In addition, participation, recruitment, retention rate, and compliance to the outcome measurements will be investigated and presented.DiscussionThe trial will investigate the feasibility and acceptability of the Screen-Free Time with Friends intervention, the recruitment strategy, and the planned outcome measurements. This feasibility study will investigate necessary refinements before the implementation of the intervention program in a larger cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate its impact.Trial registration.ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT05480085. Registered 29 July 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05480085?cond=Screen+free+time+with+friends&draw=2&rank=1

The concept of engagement has been widely investigated in various fields. However, few studies have addressed the antecedents of leisure engagement. This study defined leisure engagement as a positive mental state of vigour, dedication, and absorption related to leisure activities. Two antecedents were considered, namely leisure crafting and time structure. Leisure crafting refers to individuals’ active pursuit of goal setting, human connection, learning, and personal development related to leisure activities. Time structure refers to the degree to which individuals perceive their leisure time use to be structured and purposive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leisure crafting and time structure on leisure engagement as well as examining the interaction effects of time structure and leisure type. Survey data collected from 360 individuals demonstrated that leisure crafting positively affects leisure engagement. A high level of time structure also positively influences leisure engagement. Furthermore, time structure positively enhances the effect of leisure crafting on leisure engagement. This study contributes to the literature by revealing that leisure crafting and time structure are crucial antecedents of leisure engagement, and by emphasising the contingent role of time structure. Finally, managerial implications and suggestions for future work are discussed.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze mental health care in Australia from a social justice and human rights perspective, in order to demonstrate that social justice as a philosophical manifestation of justice and fairness, is an essential ingredient in the theory and practice of mental health care. It is contended that the needs of the mentally ill would be most appropriately answered by the utilization of a Natural Law model, based on Finnis's Natural Law theory. The Scope of the Thesis.The needs and care of the mentally ill are discussed, together with the treatment meted out to these vulnerable members of society since, approximately, the year 1800. Neither the criminally insane, nor the intellectually disabled are included in this discourse. Each group of people merits a thesis on its own: criminal insanity requires a debate to include the history, psychiatric and legal approaches to the subject, and current management of the insane. The intellectually disabled are not mentally ill; their ability to function as all round, naturally competent individuals is diminished by an inadequacy and/or impairment of their intellectual capacities. The needs of these two groups are far too broad and demanding to be included within the current thesis. Rationale for the Timeframe The timeframe, 1800 until 2004, has been established because it approximates to the transition from the end of the Classical through the Modern Age to the Post Modern Age, together with the predominance of Enlightenment philosophical theories, and the development of a scientific approach to medicine. Further, many politico-economic and social changes were taking place, associated with the Industrial Revolution. All are shown to have affected the introduction of asylumdom, and the institutionalization of those unable to participate actively in the industrial workforce.;Of significant importance to the development of institutionalization for such marginal groups is the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. Bentham espoused Classical Utilitarianism which will be shown to believe that the ultimate standard of utility is not the individual's happiness but the greatest amount of happiness altogether. The thesis will demonstrate that this philosophical view prevailed from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, with Benthamism influencing the sequestration of the unemployable into institutional life. Development of the Thesis.The thesis is developed against a background of prevailing philosophical, and other changes as stated above, including the medicalization of mental illness and the development of psychiatry as a branch of medicine. There is manifestation of many social injustices to those incarcerated in the asylum in all three countries under consideration: England, USA, and Australia. It is demonstrated that social justice and human rights of their work forces were disregarded by many employers at the time of the Industrial Revolution. Such values were, therefore, unlikely to prevail with regard to the mentally ill. Asylumdom continued with few changes in its practices until after World War II. It is shown that the predominance of post Enlightenment theories, together with further politico-economic, social and pharmaceutical revolutionary change followed the Second World War. Encouraged also by the founding of the United Nations and World Health Organizations as well as provision of the Declaration of Human Rights, circumstances led to the process of de-institutionalization of the mentally ill. The latter were decanted with apparently unseemly haste into a community ill prepared for such a change, and with little evidence of infra- structure to support the move. Need to conduct a National Inquiry. There was, then, a need to investigate what was now an overt issue of mental health care.;The two subsequent inquiries by the Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, (AHMAC) and the Burdekin Report, both focused on social justice issues, and addressed epidemiological, economic, sociological and justice considerations. Within the thesis, both investigations are critiqued against a Natural Law model, using Finnis's Natural Law theory. It is demonstrated that contrary to Enlightenment principles of social justice as described by Miller, such a theory is eminently practical, and answers the needs of all members of the community, providing not merely 'the greatest happiness for the greatest number' but the common good of all Conclusion. Evidence shows that such a Natural Law theory is required to give a firm foundation to the needs of the mentally ill, especially at a time when relativism, economic rationalism and negative aspects of globalization prevail. Without such a basis the mentally ill are left insecure, uncertain and adrift in a world uncaring of their plight, while all the earnest exhortations espoused by Reports remain platitudes, subject to the whims of whatever government is in power. Our responsibilities to all our fellow human beings demand better from us than this.

This study examines the age of retirement of general surgery Fellows of the American College of Surgeons from 1984 through 1995 and analyzes the potential effect on the work force in general surgery of age of retirement. Data from the Fellowship files of the American College of Surgeons, the American Board of Medical Specialties, and the American Medical Association disclosed that the number of practicing general surgeons in the United States in 1994 was between 17,289 and 23,502, or approximately 7 general surgeons per 100,000 population in the United States. The Fellowship files of the American College of Surgeons from 1984 through 1995 were searched for general surgeons who had written to ask for retirement status or who had died before retirement. Calculations were made of the effect of years in practice on the total general surgeon work force. All living retirees from 1984 to 1985 and 1994 to 1995 were questioned to learn the factors leading to a decision to retire. The average age of retirement for general surgeon Fellows has risen from 60.45 in 1984 to 62.97 in 1995. Because of increasing diversion of general surgery graduates into surgical specialties, total practice years are declining despite increasing length of practice time. The principal factors for retirement decisions in 1984 and 1985 were disability (26%), leisure time (20%), and unfavorable changes in surgery (29%). In 1994 and 1995, disability was a major factor in 14% of decisions, leisure time in 20%, and unfavorable changes in surgery in 56%. Fewer general surgeons enter the work force each year. Thus, despite working longer, the total number of years practiced by each cohort of new general surgeons has decreased.

4 Key Post-pandemic Trends for Marketing Hearing Care to Baby Boomers

Sharing leisure experiences is thought to promote family bonding and communication, and foster children’s intellectual, social and psychological development. Such time is ‘purposive’, and requires planning, organisation and maintenance, usually from the mother. Do parents and children spend more time in shared leisure together in countries where mothers do more childcare and spend longer each day with children? Using time use data we compare shared parent–child shared leisure time in four countries with different maternal work–force participation and attitudes to substitute childcare and child-raising: USA, Australia, Denmark and France. We create harmonised measures of leisure time mothers are with children, and time both parents are with children engaging in leisure in the same location (except in the USA, which has information from only one parent). To isolate shared interactive activities, time is further subdivided into (a) watching TV, DVDs or videos with children, (b) non-TV leisure time with children and (c) leisure time with children outside the family home. We find that overall time with children varies substantially between countries, reflecting mothers’ average time in paid work, but time in shared parent–child leisure, particularly outside the family home, does not.

Emotions shape our lives and experiences as institutional actors, yet neo-institutional theorizing has paid scant attention to them until recently. In this introduction to the Special Themed Section, we explore why this blind spot has existed in past theorizing and aim to push scholarship further to elucidate the role that emotions play in institutional life. Drawing insights from the emerging literature and the four papers in this issue, we emphasize specific themes of interest for research on emotions and institutions. Specifically, we highlight the need for a focus on the role of emotions as: value-laden, constitutive of institutions, and energetic. We argue that foregrounding emotions promises a myriad of opportunities for future work and promises rich theoretical rewards.

Background: School gardens are exemplary learning environments for providing hands-on nutrition and health education, promoting time outdoors, and developing collaborative skills. However, randomized controlled trials of school gardening programming to provide evidence of the robust benefits to child health can be time consuming and costly. We therefore sought to develop an inter-professional framework for continuous quality improvement (QI) of school gardening programming to improve health outcomes while limiting program implementation and evaluation costs. Methods: This QI cohort study took place in two elementary schools and served 75 students in Palm Beach County, Florida during the 2019-2020 academic year. Students participating in a non-profit sponsored after-school gardening club completed investigator-designed pre- and post-assessments from which unique lessons pertaining to health and food literacy were developed to target knowledge deficits. We present a lesson pertaining to harvesting, preparing, and sampling foods as an exemplar for this framework. Paired and independent samples t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare student learning outcomes. Results: Twenty-seven students (36%) participated in the harvest lesson, which led to marginal improvement in overall food literacy compared to non-participants (X2=3.6, P=0.057).Considering cumulative garden club activities, club participation improved students’ likelihood to individually prepare fresh fruits and vegetables (P=0.002). Conclusion: This project provides an important framework for inter-professional collaboration to engage in QI of small-scale school gardening programs. Future work should focus on the creation and implementation of further lessons to develop a full, individualized, health-oriented curriculum that optimizes learning outcomes, and thereby health, for elementary-aged children.

We use human mobility models, for which we are experts, and attach a virus infection dynamics to it, for which we are not experts but have taken it from the literature, including recent publications. This results in a virus spreading dynamics model. The results should be verified, but because of the current time pressure, we publish them in their current state. Recommendations for improvement are welcome. We come to the following conclusions: 1. Complete lockdown works. About 10 days after lockdown, the infection dynamics dies down. This assumes that lockdown is complete, which can be guaranteed in the simulation, but not in reality. Still, it gives strong support to the argument that it is never too late for complete lockdown. 2. As a rule of thumb, we would suggest complete lockdown no later than once 10% of hospital capacities available for COVID-19 are in use, and possibly much earlier. This is based on the following insights: a. Even after lockdown, the infection dynamics continues at home, leading to another tripling of the cases before the dynamics is slowed. b. There will be many critical cases coming from people who were infected before lockdown. Because of the exponential growth dynamics, their number will be large. c. Researchers with more detailed disease progression models should improve upon these statements. 3. Our simulations say that complete removal of infections at child care, primary schools, workplaces and during leisure activities will not be enough to sufficiently slow down the infection dynamics. It would have been better, but still not sufficient, if initiated earlier. 4. Infections in public transport play an important role. In the simulations shown later, removing infections in the public transport system reduces the infection speed and the height of the peak by approximately 20%. Evidently, this depends on the infection parameters, which are not well known. – This does not point to reducing public transport capacities as a reaction to the reduced demand, but rather use it for lower densities of passengers and thus reduced infection rates. 5. In our simulations, removal of infections at child care, primary schools, workplaces, leisure activities, and in public transport may barely have been sufficient to control the infection dynamics if implemented early on. Now according to our simulations it is too late for this, and (even) harsher measures will have to be initiated until possibly a return to such a restrictive, but still somewhat functional regime will again be possible. Evidently, all of these results have to be taken with care. They are based on preliminary infection parameters taken from the literature, used inside a model that has more transport/movement details than all others that we are aware of but still not enough to describe all aspects of reality, and suffer from having to write computer code under time pressure. Optimally, they should be confirmed independently. Short of that, given current knowledge we believe that they provide justification for “complete lockdown” at the latest when about 10% of available hospital capacities for COVID-19 are in use (and possibly earlier; we are no experts of hospital capabilities). What was not investigated in detail in our simulations was contact tracing, i.e. tracking down the infection chains and moving all people along infection chains into quarantine. The case of Singapore has so far shown that this may be successful. Preliminary simulation of that tactic shows that it is difficult to implement for COVID-19, since the incubation time is rather long, people are contagious before they feel sick, or maybe never feel sufficiently sick at all. We will investigate in future work if and how contact tracing can be used together with a restrictive, but not totally locked down regime. When opening up after lockdown, it would be important to know the true fraction of people who are already immune, since that would slow down the infection dynamics by itself. For Wuhan, the currently available numbers report that only about 0.1% of the population was infected, which would be very far away from “herd immunity”. However, there have been and still may be many unknown infections (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH 2020).

Childhood publics are the ways in which children are connected through issues of common care and concern and the processes of mediation that can connect children and give these issues a broader audience. The term “childhood publics” came to the fore with the publication of Children’s Participation, Childhood Publics, and Social Change: A Review, cited under Children and the Public Sphere. Publics, a key phenomenon of modernity, emerge in everyday life and at the margins of institutional life and the market. In childhood, this might bring researchers to focus on the peripheries of schooling and of family life, the settings and times of leisure and play both in person and online, and/or the in-between-institutional times and spaces, such as walking to and from school or a friend’s place, when children themselves may be left largely to their own devices, with little to no adult supervision and input. Finding such spaces and times is itself a challenge, and it might be that childhood publics is only ever partial and/or relies on intergenerational solidarities. For example, younger children are far more dependent on an adult presence and mediated by adult interlocutors, because childhood and youth itself as increasingly instrumentalized and the spaces and times for idling, boredom, daydreaming, meandering, plotting, alone and together, have shrunk considerably within the family (children’s, especially middle-class children’s, timetables are full with extracurricular activities), but also because the funding for public infrastructures which all children, but especially those from lower-income families, might access in order to congregate (e.g., youth centers) has steadily declined in postindustrialized societies. Concerns over children’s safety in cities, children’s restricted access to their own income and availability, and age restrictions on places where children could meet all mean that meeting places like streets and squares and cafes, traditional locations of publics formation, might need to be rethought in childhood publics. Children are also vastly underrepresented and under-researched as cultural producers. At the same time, a range of online spaces have emerged where some publics formation can take place, although again, such spaces may pose (typically, age) restrictions on younger children; safety over their use is also an issue. Developing an understanding of publics requires unpacking the relationship between public and private, the personal and the political, as well as modes and media of connection in children’s lives both in person and online, all of which are covered in this article. There is also a key question of how adult interlocutors might understand and act on children’s speech acts and other forms of expression. Finally, as a phenomenon of modernity much of the initial literature on the topic has been written with a Western context in mind. This does not mean that publics do not exist outside the postindustrialized democracies; instead it is a reminder to be mindful of their historical and cultural specificity of writing and research on the topic and to be sensitive to local variations. The entry starts by introducing key readings on publics, followed by historical and contemporary examples of childhood publics, before proceeding to cover analytical dimensions of childhood publics and closing with an overview of publics-creating methodologies with children. The entry has been written with a global childhood publics in mind, and where available and accessible, international examples have been included.

Little theoretical work exists that proposes general mechanisms for how public policies may influence child development. This article argues that dynamic systems theories may be useful in illuminating such processes, as well as highlighting gaps in current research at the intersection of public policy analysis and developmental science. A brief review of dynamic systems theories as they are currently utilized in other areas of developmental science is provided, as well as a statement of why they may help advance research in public policy and child development. Five principles of dynamic systems theories are presented and discussed using examples from research that address the question, "How do current antipoverty and welfare reform policies affect children?" Also presented are examples of hypotheses and research questions that each principle may generate for future work. The concluding section presents challenges that each principle poses for research methodology, and potential uses of the dynamic systems approach for developing and integrating policy and program initiatives.

Einstellung zum Vereinsleben und eigene sportliche Betätigungbei Mitgliedern in Sportvereinen. Themen: Detaillierte Charakterisierung des Vereinslebens; Zufriedenheitmit der Vereinsführung; treibende Kräfte im Verein; eigene sportlicheAktivitäten; Beginn der eigenen sportlichen Betätigung; Einstellung zumSchulsport; eigene Wettkampfteilnahme und Erfolge; Einstellung zurEinführung einer Fußballbundesliga; soziale Integration; Besitz vonFernsehgeräten und Einschätzung der Funktion von Sportsendungen;individuelle Ausgaben für Sport; Wochenarbeitszeit; Arbeitsbelastung undArbeitszufriedenheit; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; Rauchgewohnheiten. Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl;Konfession; Religiosität; Schulbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position;Berufstätigkeit; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße;Wohnsituation; Parteipräferenz; Selbsteinschätzung derSchichtzugehörigkeit; soziale Herkunft; Ortsgröße; Besitz langlebigerWirtschaftsgüter; Mitgliedschaft; Mediennutzung.

Purpose– This study aims to describe a library project exploring innovative options for embedding information literacy skills in the elementary school library by utilizing Minecraft, a virtual world three-dimensional (3D) building game environment.Design/methodology/approach– The small-scale descriptive study, with a follow-up survey, focuses on a group of fifth-grade students in an after-school technology club facilitated by the school librarian. The students designed and built a 3D virtual world library game for younger students to help them learn digital citizenship and information literacy.Findings– Analysis of observations, interviews and videos indicated that students were highly engaged in learning information literacy elements throughout all stages of the project from design, building, implementation and testing of younger students.Research limitations/implications– Although the small number of students enrolled in the club is a limitation, the feedback provided strong evidence of motivation for learning through gamification. Further research could assess learning outcomes with the curriculum, specifically for digital citizenship and information literacy.Practical implications– Embedding information literacy into a 3D world allows students to learn computer code, mathematics, game design, and fosters collaboration while demonstrating digital citizenship.Social implications– Game design requires teamwork, a real-life skill essential for students entering the work force.Originality/value– Few articles share student-designed solutions of critical information literacy needs. This study exemplifies constructivist learning in a gaming environment.

ABSTRACTThis pilot study investigated how farm operators use and experience working with advanced farm technology and automated systems. The study participants included 10 farm operators at 4 modern and technically well-equipped arable and dairy farms. The informants reported that the technology allowed for more accuracy and efficiency in daily work, made the work less physically strenuous, and gave more time for leisure. The challenges lay in systems and programs not being compatible and difficulties in interpreting generated data. At times, the technology was considered complex or difficult to handle and operate. It was also considered mentally stressful when it did not work as expected. Nightly alarms causing disturbed sleep and work time, and tasks losing some of their clear and natural starts and ends were the most challenging issues on dairy farms. Malfunctions disturbed the daily work, especially when spare parts or service technicians were unavailable. The informants concluded that advanced farm technology and automated systems had both positive and negative sides. They reported no consistent mental strain caused by the technology and considered it a necessity for their future work. However, technology and automated systems must be functional, user-friendly, and reliable to avoid imposing potential mental strain.

Older people in the United States are living longer, staying healthier, and leaving the labor force earlier than ever before. They have leisure time and are willing, able, and qualified to be productive members of society. This book focuses on the contributions that many older people can and do make and the policy changes that are necessary to harness this productive capacity—for the good of the country and for the good of the individuals involved. The contributors to this book—experts in economics, sociology, political science, social welfare, and policy studies—have drawn on new data from a survey of 2,999 Americans aged 55 and older conducted by Louis Harris Associates for The Commonwealth Fund. One chapter also analyzes results from a cross-national survey of 900 people aged 65 and older in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Japan. According to the findings, three out of four older Americans are actively engaged in working for pay, volunteering for organizations, caring for sick or disabled relatives or friends, or helping their children or grandchildren. Many are involved in several of these activities. The book thus corrects the stereotypes of seniors as affluent retirees or frail dependents, providing a more accurate description of older people's interests and activities. It also assesses the economic value of their productivity and recommends ways to facilitate their involvement in the work force. Copublished with The Commonwealth Fund