Bank Risk and Bank Size on the Efficiency of Islamic Banks (Study on Islamic Commercial Banks Registered with the Financial Services Authority 2018–2024)

The history of Islamic banks in Indonesia is started by establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) as the first Islamic commercial bank in Indonesia that has been operated in Indonesia in 1992. Until December 2007, there are 31 banks: 3 Islamic commercial banks and 28 Islamic unit banks. Islamic commercial bank operates fiilly sharia system, while Islamic unit bank operates windows system. During 2003-2007, Islamic banks have been grown significantly include asset, deposit and financing. Each grows 53%, 56% and 55% per year. Islamic banks must improve thier efficiency in order to give profit to stakeholders, and survive againts conventional banks or other financial institutions. Nevertheles, until today the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia is not known. This study to identify: the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia (overall), the efficiency of individual Islamic bank, the difference efficiency of Islamic commercial bank and Islamic unit bank, and the most influence factor to the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia. This study focused on the head office of Islamic banks. The study uses data quarterly from fist quarter 2003 until fouth quarter 2007, includes nine banks: three Islamic commercial banks and six Islamic banking units. This study uses non-pametric DEA model. The results of this study show the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia is average 0.883, and the most efficient Islamic banks is bank 1 (from Islamic commercial bank). Furthermore, the result of study indicates that Islamic commercial bank (BUS) is more efficient than Islamic unit bank (UUS). Besides that, financing is the most influence factor to the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia. As the basic implication of this study are: (i) stakeholders especially government and monetary authority must improve the efficiency of Islamic banks and support and establish more Islamic commercial bank; (ii) stakeholders must support and establish more Islamic commercial bank, includes spint off Islamic unit bank to be Islamic commercial bank; and (iii) Islamic banks must give more financing to improve their efficiency.Keywords: Efficiency, Islamic commercial bank, Islamic unit bank, DEA

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Non Performing Financing (NPF) and Bank Size on the profitability and efficiency level of Islamic Commercial Banks, as well as the effect of profitability if it moderates the effect of Non Performing Financing (NPF) and Bank Size on the level of efficiency of Islamic Commercial Banks. The level of efficiency is obtained through efficiency analysis with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), The variables of input output consist of tabungan iB, giro iB, and deposito iB, while output consist of murabahah financing, mudharabah financing, musyarakah financing,and investment in securities. Data used during the period 2014-2017 which includes 13 Islamic Commercial Banks. The results of the study indicate that Bank Victoria Syariah achieved optimal efficiency values and the lowest efficiency of Bank Syariah Bukopin. The results of the hypothesis indicate that Non Performing Financing (NPF) has a significant negative effect on profitability and the level of efficiency of Islamic commercial banks. Bank size has no significant positive effect on profitability and has no significant negative effect on the efficiency of Islamic commercial banks. Profitability has no significant positive effect on the level of efficiency, and is not able to significantly moderate the influence of NPF and bank size on the level of efficiency of Islamic commercial banks.

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the level of efficiency of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. The research employs a panel data analysis and a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the level of efficiency. The panel data analysis showed that company size, profitability, liquidity, and management significantly affect the level of efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia, while capital and financing risk have no significant impact. The efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia should be maintained by balancing the distribution of assets, ensuring portfolio diversification, maintaining sufficient liquidity, and paying attention to management quality. The originality of this study, to the best of the author's knowledge, is that it is the first study to examine the determinants of efficiency in Indonesian Islamic commercial banks using quarterly data from the period of 2015-2020. As a result, the data analyzed has a sufficient amount.JEL Classification: C02, C14, C23, G01How to Cite:Aliyah, H., Hamid, A., & Al Arif, M. N. R. (2023). Determinants of Efficiency in the Indonesian Islamic Banks. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 12(1), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i1.30376.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the revenue efficiency of Islamic banks in the Southeast Asian countries. Specifically, the empirical analysis comprises Islamic banks operating in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. This paper also seeks to investigate the potential internal (bank-specific) and external (macroeconomic and industry-specific) factors which influence the revenue efficiency of Islamic banks operating in Southeast Asian countries.Design/methodology/approach– This paper used a whole gamut of domestic and foreign Islamic banks operating in Southeast Asian countries, namely, Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei during the period of 2006-2011. The level of revenue efficiency is computed by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. Following the procedure set in Banker and Natarajan (2008) and Gujarati (2002), this paper use a panel regression analysis framework based on the ordinary least square and generalized least square methods to examine the potential determinants of revenue efficiency of the Islamic banks in the sample. In addition, this paper also use a battery of parametric (t-test) and non-parametric (Mann–Whitney [Wilcoxon] and Kruskall–Wallis) tests to examine the difference in the revenue efficiency of the domestic and foreign Islamic banks.Findings– The results indicate that the level of revenue efficiency on the domestic Islamic banks is higher compared to that of their foreign Islamic bank counterparts. The empirical findings seem to suggest that revenue efficiency has greater influence on the profit efficiency levels. It was found that the bank size, asset quality, capitalization, liquidity and management quality significantly influence the revenue efficiency of domestic Islamic banks operating in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei during the period under study.Research limitations/implications– Due to its limitations, the present study may be extended in variety of ways. First, if information on input prices is available, further analysis could be performed to investigate the cost, technical and allocative efficiency. Second, interested researchers may apply the Malmquist Productivity Index method to examine the sources of total factor productivity changes of Islamic banks operating in the ASEAN countries. Third, to obtain more robust results, empirical findings from the present study could be compared to the results derived from improved statistical methods, i.e. Bootstrap DEA.Practical implications– The empirical findings of this paper clearly call for regulators and decision-makers to review the revenue efficiency of banks operating in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Islamic banking sectors. The results could also provide better information and guidance to the managers of Islamic banks, as they need to have a clear understanding on the impact of revenue efficiency on the performance of their banks. The empirical findings of this paper may also have implications for investors whose main focus is to gain higher profit from their investments.Originality/value– The paper is the first to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of revenue, cost and profit efficiency of Islamic banks operating in Southeast Asian countries.

Islamic banks in many countries have emerged as important component of financial system that contributes to the growth and development of the country’s economy. They have proven to be a viable and competitive component of the overall financial system. In the dual banking system, Islamic banks have to be competitive to survive. One of the key to competitiveness is efficiency. This study will measure and compare the efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. DEA is a non-parametric, deterministic methodology for determining the relative efficiency and managerial performance, based on the empirical data on chosen inputs and outputs of a number of decision making units. DEA allows us to compare the relative efficiency of banks by determining the efficient banks as benchmarks and by measuring the inefficiencies in input combinations (slack variables) in other banks relative to the benchmark. Intermediation approach will be applied. This study will identify the sources and level of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs of Islamic banks and conventional banks in Indonesia. The result shows that in overall, Islamic banking is relatively more efficient than conventional banking. This means that Islamic banks are competitive enough to compete with conventional banks. Islamic banking is technically more efficient, but less scale efficient than conventional banking. Internal inefficiency is the main source of disintermediation of conventional banking in Indonesia. Furthermore, accelerated expansion, organically and inorganically, is needed to improve scale and overall efficiencies of Islamic banking in Indonesia. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Banking, Islamic Banking, Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis

Banking sector mediation is related to efficiency in economic performance. As a financial institution, banks need to maintain their performance in order to operate optimally, one factor that must be considered is efficiency in performance. This research aimed to analyze the efficiency of Islamic Banks and Conventional Commercial Bank in Indonesia. Using a purposive sample technique for two Islamic banks and two commercial banks. Fixed assets, deposits, and other operating expenses as input variablesused, while credit as output variable. Using Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate the efficiency of banking. The results show that all Sharia Commercial Bank samples reached efficiency level 1 was efficient. Besides, the sample of conventional commercial banks used in this study is not all efficient. This is due to one of the sample banks having an efficiency level below one, which is 0.644. It means that conventional bank groups are inefficient.

Research purposes to analyze the efficiency of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia during the period 2015 – 2019. The object of this research is Sharia Commercial Banks consisting of Bank Muamalat, BRI Syariah Bank, Mega Syariah Bank, Bukopin Syariah Bank, BNI Syariah Bank and BCA Syariah Bank. This study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The input variables used in this study are total assets, savings and other operational costs, while the output variables used are securities owned and other operating income. The results of the study show that BRI Syariah Bank and BNI Syariah Bank are inefficiency or inefficient, apart from these banks, namely Bank Muamalat, Bank Mega Syariah, Bank Syariah Bukopin, and Bank BCA Syariah are all efficient. The results of this study are expected to be able to contribute both theoretically and practically in increasing the efficiency of Islamic commercial banks. Keywords: Efficiency, Total Assets, Islamic Commercial Banks, DEA

The study aims to determine the efficiency level of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as the effect of Return on Assets (ROA), Bank size and Non-Performing Financing (NPF) on the efficiency of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia for the 2015-2020 period by using Tobit regression test. The type of research carried out is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. Purposive sampling is a sampling method used in this study with a sample of 5 Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. The results of the study indicate that all Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia during the study period were efficient as a whole in the research sample as many as 3 Islamic Commercial Banks, while the National Khazanah Bank of Malaysia, there were Islamic banks that were still not efficient as many as one Islamic bank and one other bank the results were efficient. The results of the Tobit regression test state that the ROA and NPF variables have a significant effect on efficiency. In contrast, Bank size has no significant effect on efficiency.

This study was done due to provide empirical facts from the effect of Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Non Performing Financing (NPF), Bank Size, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Inflation on the efficiency of Indonesian Islamic Banking. This study used secondary data from the annual financial statements of Islamic Banks, with verification research methods. To measure efficiency this study used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method with DEAP software version 21. The research sample was determined by using purposive sampling technique. The sample selected was 12 General Islamic Banking. The period used 2014 to 2018. Analysis of the data used is regression analysis panel data with Eviews Version 10. Based on the results of efficiency measurements of 12 General Islamic Banking shows a fluctuating trend, and only one General Islamic Banking experiences efficient conditions throughout the research period, while the results of the hypothesis analysis be concluded that FDR and Bank Size have a significant positive effect, while NPF, GDP, and Inflation have a significant negative effect on the efficiency of Islamic Banking.

In measuring efficiency in a company which is also often used in the banking industry, namely the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method which compares input and output variables and is one of the optimization methods of mathematical programs. This study will examine the efficiency level of Islamic banking in Indonesia during the 2016-2020 period and see the role of capital and liquidity or their influence on the efficiency level of Islamic banking. The method used is a quantitative method using a non-parametric approach (DEA) and a parametric approach using the Tobit Regression method to see the effect of capital and liquidity. The results show that Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) in Indonesia have not operated efficiently based on the average efficiency score obtained by the DEA method during the period 2016 to 2020, which is 0,911. Furthermore, the results of the study show that capital and liquidity can build the efficiency level of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia.

Islamic banking plays a crucial role in Indonesia's economy and faces risks that impact the sustainability of bank performance as a mediator in the financial system. For the sake of the bank's sustainability, it is necessary to measure efficiency and control risk, measuring the level of efficiency is better than measuring profitability because it is measured by various outputs and inputs, so it does not only focus on company profits. This research aims to investigate the influence of NPF, FDR, BOPO, and CAR on the efficiency of Islamic commercial banks. The research employs quantitative techniques and is based on data obtained from the annual reports of Islamic commercial banks released by the OJK from 2019 to 2023. With the first test using DEAP (VRS) to assess the efficiency level of Islamic commercial banks, then measuring between variables using Eviews 12 (tobit regression). The sampling technique with purposive sampling (sample of 11 banks from 13 population banks). The results indicate that FDR positively impacts the efficiency of Islamic commercial banks, while CAR has a negative impact. However, NPF and BOPO calculations do not influence the efficiency of Islamic commercial banks. In summary, FDR positively affects efficiency, while CAR negatively impacts it in Islamic commercial banks, with NPF and BOPO having no effect.

A measure of company efficiency is also commonly used in banking. The DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method, which compares the input and output, is a mathematical program optimization method. This study investigates the efficiency level of Islamic banks in Indonesia from 2018 to 2021. It examines the role of capital and liquidity and their impact on Islamic banking efficiency. The quantitative methods used were nonparametric methods (DEA) and parametric methods using Tobit regression methods to examine capital and liquidity effects. The results show that Indonesia's Islamic Commercial Bank (BUS) is not operating effectively, according to the DEA's average efficiency score of 0.911 from 2018 to 2021. Furthermore, the findings suggest that capital and liquidity can improve the efficiency of Indonesian Islamic commercial banks. Keywords: Efficiency, Islamic Commercial, Two Stage DEA, Tobit Model

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide new empirical evidence on the impact of country governance on the revenue efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks. The empirical analysis is confined to Islamic and conventional banks operating in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries banking sectors during the period of 2007-2011.Design/methodology/approach– The analysis comprises two main stages. In the first stage, the authors employ the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to compute the revenue efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks. The authors then used the multivariate panel regression analysis with the ordinary least square and generalized method of moments as an estimation method to investigate the potential determinants and the effect of country governance on the revenue efficiency.Findings– The empirical findings indicate that greater voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and rule of law enhance the revenue efficiency of both Islamic and conventional banks. The authors find that regulatory quality exerts positive influence on Islamic banks, while the impact of political stability and control of corruption enhances the revenue efficiency of conventional banks.Originality/value– The study on the specific revenue efficiency concept of Islamic and conventional banking is still in its formative stage. In regards, majority of the studies that examined the effect of governance on bank efficiency have focused more on the corporate or bank governance that affects the governance within the institution. Thus, to the best of the knowledge, no study has been done to address the effect of country governance on the revenue efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks specifically on the GCC countries.

PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to examine cost efficiencies of the selected Islamic and conventional commercial banks over the period of 2006 to 2009 in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachData envelopment analysis (DEA) was initially used, to investigate the cost efficiency of the Malaysian banking sector and followed by Tobit regression analysis determine factors influencing the efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks in Malaysia.FindingsThe DEA results reveal technical efficiency as the main contributor of cost efficiency for conventional commercial banks and allocative efficiency as the main contributor for cost efficiency of Islamic commercial banks. This indicates conventional commercial banks have been efficient in utilizing information technology and electronics. Islamic commercial banks conversely have been efficient in allocating and utilizing their resources. Additionally, scale efficiency is found to be the main source of technical efficiency for both Islamic and conventional commercial banks, denoting that size is important in improving bank efficiency. The results of Tobit regression analysis are twofold. First, it documents capitalization and bank sizes are positively and significantly associated to efficiency. Secondly, loan quality is found to be negatively and significantly associated to efficiency.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the body of knowledge through its literature discussions on the efficiency of both Islamic and conventional banks and the effect of banks' specific characteristics on their efficiency.

This research is motivated by the importance of efficiency in the banking industry, especially in the Islamic banking sector which has a vital role in the Indonesian economy. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia using a two-stage analysis approach. The method used is divided into 2 stages, the first stage is to measure efficiency using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method to assess the operational performance of banks. The second stage is to analyze the factors that influence efficiency through panel regression. The results of the study indicate that although there are variations in the level of efficiency between banks, factors such as bank size, capitalization, and information technology have a significant influence on efficiency. These findings are expected to provide insight for stakeholders in improving the performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia