Abstract
This chapter examines the following issues that were raised regarding the effects of the imposition of individual-member balloting on industrial action: the trade union reactions on this movement, the effects of the individual-ballot election on the centralization and organization of trade unions, the effect of the changes mentioned on the management of the balloting process, and the impact of these changes on the results of balloting and collective bargaining. Generally, balloting provided a low-cost means for union members to express their thoughts without having to cause riots. Aside from offering moderate forms of industrial action, union negotiators became more risk-averse regarding transactions with their employers.
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