Abstract
Vegetation in urban areas provides many essential ecosystem services. These services may be indirect, such as carbon sequestration and biological diversity, or direct, including microclimate regulation and cultural values. As the global population is becoming ever more urbanized these services will be increasingly vital to the quality of life in urban areas. Due to the combined effects of shading and evapotranspiration, trees have the potential to cool urban microclimates and mitigate urban heat, reduce thermal discomfort and help to create comfortable outdoor spaces for people. Understory vegetation in the form of shrubs and grass layers are also increasingly recognized for the positive role they play in human aesthetics and supporting biodiversity. However, in fire-prone urban landscapes there are risks associated with having denser and more complex vegetation in public open spaces. We investigated the effects of plant selection and planting arrangement on fire risk and human thermal comfort using the Forest Flammability Model and Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), to identify how planting arrangement can help balance the trade-offs between these risks and benefits. Our research demonstrated the importance of vertical separation of height strata and suggests that Clumped and Continuous planting arrangements are the most effective way of keeping complex vegetation in public open space to deliver the greatest human thermal comfort benefit while minimizing potential fire behaviour. This study provides an example of how existing research tools in multiple ecological fields can be combined to inform positive outcomes for people and nature in urban landscapes.
Highlights
The 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on climate projections for south-eastern Australia predicts that increased warming will be associated with more frequent and extreme fire weather but more frequent heat waves [1]
There were variations within this larger trend depending upon the morphology of the canopy species and the planting arrangements (Fig 3)
In recognition of the important role these vegetation elements play in supporting biodiversity within urban landscapes, our research indicates that there are design and management approaches available that can maximise the benefits, while reducing the potential fire risk through design
Summary
The 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on climate projections for south-eastern Australia predicts that increased warming will be associated with more frequent and extreme fire weather but more frequent heat waves [1]. The IPCC warns of links between climate change and human health including increased rates of disease and morbidity [2], as well as the increasing vulnerability of many ecosystems [1]. Balancing fire risk and human thermal comfort in urban landscapes
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