Balancing a sustained pursuit of nutrition, health, affordability and climate goals: exploring the case of Indonesia

Achieving dietary micronutrient adequacy in a finite world

Region-specific nutritious, environmentally friendly, and affordable diets in India

Gaining Acceptance of Novel Plant Breeding Technologies.

Most climate change mitigation policies, including those of higher education institutions, do not include food system greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Yet the food system contributes ∼30% of anthropogenic GHGE, mostly from animal source foods. Food system changes are necessary to meet GHGE mitigation targets and could do so relatively inexpensively and rapidly with major health, social and environmental co-benefits. To estimate the potential impact of integrating higher education institution climate and food policies, we used the case of the University of California (UC), comprising 10 campuses with 280,000 students. The UC is a leader in climate and food research, and has major policy initiatives for mitigating climate change and for promoting healthy, sustainable food systems. Like most higher education institutions, the UC climate change mitigation target for 2025 covers only Scope 1 and 2 GHGE (campus-generated and purchased energy), yet Scope 3 GHGE (indirect, including food system) are often institutions’ largest. We created scenarios using results of studies of US dietary changes, and existing, planned or potential UC food system changes. These scenarios could reduce UC Scope 3 food emissions by 42–55%, equivalent to 8–9% of UC’s targeted energy GHGE reduction, and 19–22% of offsets need to reach that target. These results have implications for broader climate policy in terms of food systems’ high GHGE, the health, environmental, economic and social benefits of food system changes, and ways these changes could be implemented. To our knowledge this is one of the first empirical studies of the potential for integrating climate and food policy in HEIs. Key policy insights Most higher education institution climate policies, including those of the University of California (UC), do not include food system GHGE Research at higher education institutions makes major contributions to understanding the need to reduce food system GHGE to achieve Paris Agreement goals Higher education institutions, including UC, have made many food system changes, but their climate co-benefits are not optimized, documented or integrated with climate policies Our food system change scenarios show that UC’s food system could substantially reduce GHGE These changes can incentivize UC and other higher education institutions to integrate their climate and food policies.

This is not the EAT–Lancet Diet

BackgroundEntertainment media content is often mentioned as one of the roots of children’s unhealthy food consumption. This might be due to the high quantity of unhealthy foods presented in children’s media environments. However, less is known about the role of the centrality of food placement, that is, whether foods are interacted with, consumed, verbally mentioned, or appear unobtrusively. We also lack longitudinal research measuring both children’s unhealthy and healthy food consumption behaviors as outcomes.ObjectiveThe aim is to connect content analytical data based on children’s actual media diet with panel data in order to explain children’s food preferences. Moreover, this study not only focuses on the amount of healthy and unhealthy foods children are exposed to, but also on how these foods are presented (ie, centrally or not). Furthermore, we looked at the question of how parental coviewing can diminish (or enhance) the effects of unhealthy (or healthy) food depictions, and we measured healthy and unhealthy consumption as dependent variables.MethodsWe conducted a 2-wave panel study with children and one of their parents (of 2250 parents contacted, 829 responded, for a response rate of 36.84%; 648 valid cases, ie, parent-child pairs, were used for analysis), with 6 months between the 2 panel waves. We linked the 2-wave panel data for the children and their parents to content analytical data for movies (n=113) and TV series (n=134; 3 randomly chosen episodes per TV series were used) that children were exposed to over the course of 6 months.ResultsThere was no significant relationship between exposure to unhealthy food presentation and unhealthy (b=0.008; P=.07) or healthy (b=−0.003; P=.57) food consumption over time. Also, healthy food presentation was unrelated to unhealthy (b=0.009; P=.18) or healthy (b=0.000; P=.99) food consumption over time. However, there was a significant, positive interaction between unhealthy food presentation and presentation centrality on unhealthy food consumption (b=0.000; P=.03), suggesting that the effects of unhealthy food presentation rise with increasing levels of centrality. There was no interaction between unhealthy food presentation and presentation centrality on the consumption of healthy foods (b=0.000; P=.10). Also, exposure to healthy food presentation interacted with centrality (b=−0.001; P=.003). That is, when a healthy product was presented at maximum centrality, it led to less unhealthy food consumption in children. Coviewing did not interact with exposure to unhealthy foods when explaining unhealthy (b=0.003; P=.08) or healthy (b=−0.001; P=.70) food consumption.ConclusionsWe conclude that simply presenting more healthy foods is not sufficient to combat children’s unhealthy food preferences. Further regulations may be necessary with respect to representations of unhealthy foods in children’s media.

Global food production faces significant challenges, acting as a primary driver of land use change, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while a significant part of the world's population still struggles with food security and nutrition. In response, the EAT-Lancet Commission has proposed a healthy and sustainable planetary diet aimed at reducing resource-intensive foods like meat, starchy vegetables, and eggs, while suggesting a 67% increase in global per capita unsaturated oil consumption (e.g., soybean, sunflower, rapeseed) and the maintenance of the current palm oil intake. Using a spatially explicit land allocation algorithm, we assess how future global food oil demand for the expected 9.2 billion people by 2050 might impact forests and other carbon-rich ecosystems, along with associated land use change GHG emissions. We also evaluate the potential consequences of substituting palm oil with other vegetable oils, noting their different health and environmental implications. Results show that the projected 74% rise in global vegetable oil production for food by 2050 would require 317 million hectares of land-a 68% increase compared to maintaining current consumption. This could escalate pressure on forests and threaten global food security, potentially causing 115-120 million hectares of deforestation and 1163-1210 Mt. CO2 per year of GHG emissions from land use change, an 87% rise compared to maintaining current consumption rates. However, the EAT-Lancet diet foresees a reduction in other high-impact foods, potentially freeing other lands and reducing overall projected global food GHG emissions. Another relevant finding reveals that replacing palm oil with other oils would result in increasing land needs, up to 385 million hectares with a potential 148 million hectares of deforestation, and GHG emissions, up to 1525 Mt. CO2 per year, thus not representing a conclusive and viable solution towards sustainability. Instead, along with the growing importance of certification schemes for sustainable and deforestation-free food supply chains, ensuring sustainable production of all vegetable oils emerges as a critical strategy to prevent the conversion of biodiverse and carbon-rich lands.

Inclusive diets within planetary boundaries

In response to climate change, reduction of GHGEs (greenhouse gas emissions) from food systems is required. Shifts of agricultural practices and dietary patterns could reduce GHGEs. We aimed to characterize observed diets with different levels of GHGEs and compare their nutritional, economic, and environmental performances. Food consumptions of 34,193 French adults participating in the NutriNet-Sante Cohort were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Nutritional, environmental, and economic indicators were computed for each individual diet. Adjusted means of food group intakes, contribution of food groups to dietary GHGEs, nutritional, environmental, and economic indicators were compared between weighted quintiles of GHGEs. Diets with high GHGEs (ranging from 2318 to 4099 kgCO2eq/year) contained more animal-based food and provided more calories. Few differences were found for unhealthy food (alcohol or sweet/fatty food) consumption across the categories of dietary GHGEs. Diets with low GHGEs were characterized by a high nutritional quality. Primary energy consumption and land occupation increased with GHGEs (from Q1: 3978 MJ/year (95%CI = 3958–3997) to Q5: 8980 MJ/year (95%CI = 8924–9036)) and (from Q1: 1693 m2/year (95%CI = 1683–1702) to Q5: 7188 m2/year (95%CI = 7139–7238)), respectively. Finally, participants with lower GHGE related-diets were the highest organic food consumers. After adjustment for sex, age, and energy intake, monetary diet cost increased with GHGEs (from Q1: 6.89€/year (95%CI = 6.84–6.93) to Q5: 7.68€/year (95%CI = 7.62–7.74)). Based on large observational cohort, this study provides new insights concerning the potential of current healthy and emergent diets with low monetary cost and good nutritional quality to promote climate mitigation. However, the question of a large acceptability remains.

to provide evidence on how diet can influence health, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and land use. cohort study. data collected in the EPIC Italy cohort (N. 47,749). hazard ratios (HR) for overall mortality and for cancer incidence in association with a sustainable diet (EAT-Lancet). sustainable diets are characterized by lower associated GHG emissions and lower land use (LU). Adherence to the guidelines proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission was considered. This diet was associated with lower HRs for mortality and cancer incidence in EPIC Italy, estimated with Cox models accounting for potential confounders and stratified by sex. The hazard ratios for overall mortality showed a dose-response relationship with quartiles of diets associated with high GHG emissions, land use, and high distance from the EAT-Lancet diet calculated using a novel index, the EAT-Lancet distance index (EatDI). The HR for overall cancer incidence was also higher in the population with non-sustainable diets. the association among dietary GHG emissions, LU, and EatDI and overall mortality and overall cancer incidence suggests that promoting diets with low associated environmental impact can be an effective mitigation strategy with important co-benefits.

Recent discussions of healthy and sustainable diets encourage increased consumption of plants and decreased consumption of animal-source foods (ASFs) for both human and environmental health. Seafood is often peripheral in these discussions. This paper examines the relative environmental costs of sourcing key nutrients from different kinds of seafood, other ASFs, and a range of plant-based foods. We linked a nutrient richness index for different foods to life cycle assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the production of these foods to evaluate nutritional benefits relative to this key indicator of environmental impacts. The lowest GHG emissions to meet average nutrient requirement values were found in grains, tubers, roots, seeds, wild-caught small pelagic fish, farmed carp and bivalve shellfish. The highest GHG emissions per nutrient supply are in beef, lamb, wild-caught prawns, farmed crustaceans, and pork. Among ASFs, some fish and shellfish have GHG emissions at least as low as plants and merit inclusion in food systems policymaking for their potential to support a healthy, sustainable diet. However, other aquatic species and production methods deliver nutrition to diets at environmental costs at least as high as land-based meat production. It is important to disaggregate seafood by species and production method in ‘planetary health diet’ advice.

Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK </strong></p><p><strong><em>Latar Belakang: </em></strong><em>Stunting merupakan masalah gizi kronik dengan penyebab multifaktoral, mulai dari praktik pemberian pangan hingga lingkungan seperti geografi tempat tinggal. Terdapat beberapa indikator penilaian praktik pemberian makanan pendamping yang optimal pada anak usia 6-23 bulan seperti Animal Source Food (ASF), Zero Vegetable and Fruit (ZVF) dan Unhealthy Food Consumption (UFC).</em></p><p><strong><em>Tujuan: </em></strong><em>Pe</em><em>nelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara konsumsi protein hewani</em><em> (ASF)</em><em>, makanan tidak sehat</em><em> (UFC)</em><em>, </em><em>indikator konsumsi sayur dan buah (ZVF) </em><em>dan geografi tempat tinggal dengan kejadian stunting pada anak 6-23 bulan di Kabupaten Jember.</em></p><p><strong><em>Metode: </em></strong><em>Terdapat 88 anak yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian</em><em> ini (52 di Kecamatan Puger dan 36 di Kecamatan Jelbuk)</em><em>. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah </em><em>multistage</em><em> sampling. Data ASF, ZVF dan UFC diambil melalui 24 hours recall questionnaire, geografi tempat tinggal diketahui melalui data BPS sedangkan </em><em>panjang badan anak diukur menggunakan infantometer sedangkan tinggi badan anak diukur menggunakan stadiometer. </em><em>Data </em><em>yang didapat </em><em>dianalisis menggunakan SPSS</em><em> 26. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi univariat untuk menggambarkan distribusi frekuensi, analisis bivariat</em><em> dengan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik biner untuk analisis multivariat.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Hasil: </em></strong><em>Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa</em><em> terdapat</em><em> 26.13% anak usia 6-23 bulan</em><em> yang </em><em> mengalami stunting</em><em>,</em> <em>22,72% anak mengonsumsi protein hewani, 42,02% tidak mengonsumsi sayuran, dan 77,27% mengonsumsi makanan ultra proses.</em><em> Berdasarkan uji chi-square yang dilakukan, tidak terdapat hubungan</em><em> ynag signifikan</em><em> antara konsumsi makanan tidak sehat dan geografi tempat tinggal dengan stunting (p>0.05). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi protein hewani menjadi faktor penyebab stunting yang </em><em>lebih </em><em>dominan (p=0.039, OR=9.53,95%CI=</em><em> </em><em>1.12-81.21) dilanjutkan dengan ZVF (p=0.004, OR=5.31,</em><em> </em><em>95%CI=</em><em> </em><em>1.71-16.40). </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Kesimpulan: </em></strong><em>Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara konsumsi protein hewani dan indikator konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan stunting pada balita usia 6-23 bulan di Kabupaten Jember.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>KATA KUNCI</strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>stunting konsumsi protein hewani; indikator konsumsi sayur dan buah; konsumsi makanan tidak sehat; geografi tempat tinggal </em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><strong><br clear="all" /> </strong><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Stunting is a long-term nutritional issue containing multiple causes, including dietary habits and environmental factors such residential geography. Several metrics were employed to evaluate the ideal methods of introducing complementary food to children between the ages of 6-23 months. These metrics include Animal Source Food (ASF), Zero Vegetable and Fruit (ZVF), and Unhealthy Food Consumption (UFC). </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>This study aims to investigate the correlation between ASF, ZVF, UFC and the geographical location of residence with the prevalence of stunting among children aged 6-23 months in the Jember Regency.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>The study involved 88 children as the sample approach through multistage sampling. Information on ASF, ZVF, and UFC was obtained by 24-hour recall questionnaire. The BPS data was used to determine the geographical residence, while a stadiometer/infantometer was used to measure height/length. The data were then analyzed using SPSS. Univariate analysis was conducted, followed by bivariate analysis using Chi-square tests. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The study revealed that 26.13% of children between the ages 6-23 months showed signs of stunting</em><em>. </em><em>Among these children, 22.72% consumed </em><em>diverse </em><em>ASF, 42.02% did not consume vegetables, and 77.27% consumed ultra-processed foods. The chi-square test revealed a lack of correlation between the consumption of unhealthy food and geographical location of residence with regards to stunting (p>0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed that the consumption of animal protein was the primary factor leading to stunting with statistically significant correlation (p=0.039, OR=9.53, 95%CI=1.12-81.21). Additionally, ZVF was also discovered as a significant predictor of stunting (p=0.004, OR=5.31, 95%CI=1.71-16.40).</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>In conclusion, ASF and ZVF are concurrently associated with the prevalence of stunting among children aged 6-23 months in Jember Regency .</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>KEYWORDS</strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>stunting; animal source food; zero vegetable and fruit; unhealthy food consumption; geography of residence</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em>Received: 14 Jan 2024; Revised: 07 October 2024; Accepted: 04 Feb 2025; Available online: 30 May 2025; Published: 31 Mar 2025</em></em></p>

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in diets due to the high contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to estimate the impact on GHGE of replacing the current diet with eight alternative diets, which would be associated with GHGE, to contribute to the discussion of how dietary changes affect the GHGE. METHODS: The latest National Nutrition and Health Survey was utilized to determine the nutrient composition of Turkey’s current diet, with eight dietary scenarios designed to meet the National Dietary Guidelines. RESULTS: The current diet had the highest GHGE with 3254.50 g CO2eq/person/day with beef, lamb, and cheese products accounting for the majority of emissions (18.61%, 17.15%, and 10.89%, respectively). The Model diet had a GHGE of 2994.18 g CO2eq/person/day, whereas vegetarian diets had the lowest (lacto-ovo vegetarian diet with 1944.95 g CO2eq/person/day and vegan diet with 1166.80 g CO2eq/person/day). Low energy efficiencies were associated with high diet-related GHGE levels. CONCLUSION: When evaluating future dietary guidelines for a sustainable diet, our study highlighted the need of integrating both health and environmental aspects. The present study found that dietary changes would significantly contribute to lowering GHGE. These findings will be beneficial in informing Turkey’s nutrition, agriculture, and public policymakers.

The Earth's surface temperature is steadily increasing due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases, a phenomenon known as global warming. Human activities are the root cause of this significant global issue. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the most critical actions in climate change mitigation. Organizations can engage in activities that promote change and reduce greenhouse gases by acknowledging the significance of addressing climate change. By reducing GHG emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy, organizations can begin to address environmental issues. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to assess the reduction of GHG emissions in an educational institution by substituting electricity consumption from the electrical grid with renewable energy in the form of a solar PV rooftop on-grid system. The School of Renewable Energy's GHG emissions were assessed, covering three scopes of GHG emissions activities: direct emissions, indirect emissions, and other indirect emissions. The organization's activity data were collected over a 12-month period. Without installing a solar panel system, the organization reported total GHG emissions of 310.40 tCO2e, relying solely on imported electricity for internal use. The highest GHG emissions were from Scope 2, amounting to 239.38 tCO2e, primarily due to electricity importation. Scope 3 had the second highest GHG emissions, totaling 65.76 tCO2e, resulting from employee commuting and the use of purchased goods such as paper and tap water. Scope 1 had the lowest GHG emissions at 5.26 tCO2e, produced by the combustion of diesel and gasoline in both stationary and mobile sources, as well as CH4 emissions from the septic tank. The percentage of GHG emissions from Scope 2 activities was 77.12%, which was considered to have a significant environmental impact and contribute to global warming. This was because 478,851 kWh of electricity were imported. The installation of on-grid solar cells for power generation reduced imported electricity to 113,120 kWh. Consequently, GHG emissions from Scope 2 decreased to 56.55 tCO2e, leading to an overall reduction in the organization's GHG emissions to 127.57 tCO2e. The organization's GHG emissions decreased by 182.83 tCO2e as a result of using alternative energy to generate electricity. This assessment can serve as a database for educational institutions and prepare the government to report greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it can serve as carbon credits for trading and exchanging carbon with other organizations to offset GHG emissions from various activities. In addition, it endorses the government's goal of achieving carbon neutrality and net zero emissions in the future.