Badanie wpływu dodatku Difron-3970 oraz fal ultradźwiękowych na parametry reologiczne wysokoparafinowej ropy żywicznej

The study was conducted to examine the effect of chemical treatment (ascorbic acid and calcium chloride), physical treatment (water bath at 65 °C), and ultrasound (US) in ultrasonic bath for the prevention of enzymatic browning of fresh-cut quince slices during 14 days of storage. The treated quince slices were analyzed in terms of color, polyphenol oxidase, and pectin methyl esterase activity, bioactive compounds, sensory, and microbial analysis. The results showed that US treatment inhibited (p < .05) the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast in fresh-cut quince slices during 4 °C storage. The US-treated slices showed a significant (p < .05) improvements in bioactive compounds as well as improved physical properties as compared to all other treatments. Similarly, US-treated samples showed the best color values with the lowest value of enzyme activities showing less enzymatic browning. Moreover, the findings showed that the lowest score for decay and off-odor were obtained for the quinces treated with US. Practical applications A significant improvement in the quality of US-treated fresh-cut quinces with the comparison of other chemical and physical treatments was achieved. This study will contribute a novel method to develop US-treated fresh-cut fruit and vegetables with an enhanced product quality and extended shelf life. In overall, processing of fresh-cut quince fruit with a US treatment might be applied to get a high-quality and browning-free product.

The inactivation of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 isolated from chickens in Thailand by chemical and physical treatments

Physical, chemical and biological treatment of textile wastewater for removal of dyes and heavy metals

Under arid and semi-arid conditions, direct application of phosphate rock (PR) as a source of phosphorus (P) for crop production is likely influenced by agricultural practices and soil properties. Different approaches could be used to improve the agronomic efficiency of low-grade PR over a wider range of soils and crops. In this study, biological, physical, and chemical treatments of low-grade Moroccan PR were investigated and compared through agronomic trials on faba bean grown under alkaline soil conditions. The physical treatment was based on blending PR with triple superphosphate (TSP) at 75:25 and 50:50 ratios, the biological treatments involved co-application of PR with compost at 50:50 ratio and phospho-compost elaborated from PR (20%), sewage sludge (46%), and wheat residues (34%), while the chemical treatment was obtained by a 30% acidulation of PR by phosphoric acid. Control treatments consisting of zero P application (control), PR alone, and TSP alone were considered to assess the effectiveness of the abovementioned techniques to improve PR agronomic efficiency. A pot experiment was conducted in sandy soil (Jorf Lasfar, central Morocco) for 60 days in a completely randomized design considering eight treatments. All treatments, except the control, were amended with 52 mg kg-1 of P from different PR-based fertilizers before sowing. At the flowering stage (60-day-old plants), results indicated that all PR treatments significantly improved plant growth, root nodulation, and nutrient uptake compared to the control. The relative agronomic efficiency of pretreated PR was significantly higher with phospho-compost treatment (86%) than the partially acidulated PR (78%) or the PR/TSP blend 50:50 (64%). Likewise, P uptake, P use efficiency, number of root nodules, and N uptake all were improved under PR treatments. Our finding revealed that the biological technique based on phospho-compost yielded better compared to chemical and physical treatments.

Extraneous DNA interferes with PCR studies of endophytic fungi. A procedure was developed with which to evaluate the removal of extraneous DNA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves were sprayed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then subjected to physical and chemical surface treatments. The fungal ITS1 products were amplified from whole tissue DNA extractions. ANOVA was performed on the DNA bands representing S. cerevisiae on the agarose gel. Band profile comparisons using permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were performed on DGGE gel data, and band numbers were compared between treatments. Leaf surfaces were viewed under variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM). Yeast band analysis of the agarose gel showed that there was no significant difference in the mean band DNA quantity after physical and chemical treatments, but they both differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the untreated control. PERMANOVA revealed a significant difference between all treatments (p < 0.05). The mean similarity matrix showed that the physical treatment results were more reproducible than those from the chemical treatment results. The NMDS showed that the physical treatment was the most consistent. VPSEM indicated that the physical treatment was the most effective treatment to remove surface microbes and debris. The use of molecular and microscopy methods for the post-treatment detection of yeast inoculated onto wheat leaf surfaces demonstrated the effectiveness of the surface treatment employed, and this can assist researchers in optimizing their surface sterilization techniques in DNA-based fungal endophyte studies.

Utilization of jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient is limited by the presence of several anti nutritive and toxic compounds in the seed meal. The aim of this research is to evaluate feeding of jatropha seed meal detoxified using fermentation by two fungi and rumen microbes (as biological detoxification) and using a combination of chemical and physical treatments on broiler performance. One hundred seventy five chicks (7 days old) were used and were divided into 5 treatments in 7 replications and each replication in one cage consisted of 5 chicks. R1 was control feed (K) without jatropha seed meal., 2) R2 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Neurosphora sitophila (FNS), R3 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FAS), R4 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by rumen microbes and R5 with 4% of Jatropha seed meal treated by autoclaved, refluxed by hexane and soaked in methanol (OEHM). Treated feed was given for 14 days at the end of the feeding treatment, two chickens from each replication were slaughtered and organ weights were recorded. Body weight of chicken and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The rest of the chicken was fed commercial feed for the next 7 days (recovery periode). Chicken mortality was almost 0% but 1 chicken from FAS treatment died at the recovery period. Feed consumption was lower at fermented jatropha seed meal than control (K) or OEHM, resulted in lower body weight of chicken. The abdomen fat weight and organ weights especially pancreas or spleen resulted from treatment with jatropha were much lower than that of K. In the recovery period, body weight of chicken in the OEHM treatment was almost similar from that of control chicken. In conclusion, biological detoxification on BBJ was able to reduce chicken mortality but could not improve the daily gain higher than control treatment. The best method to detoxify jatropha seed meal was the combination of physical and chemical treatment (using autoclave, followed by hexane and methanol extractions). Key Words: Broilers, Jatropha Seed Meal, Detoxification, Fermentation

Green composites recently have attracted the attention of the researchers due to the advantages of low cost, renewable resource usage and biodegradability. In general, natural fibers being highly polar and hydrophilic have low interfacial shear strength (IFSS) with polymer matrix which is nonpolar and relatively hydrophobic in nature. The surface modification of natural fiber is necessary to improve the fiber/polymer compatibility and their interfacial adhesion. Natural fibers without surface modification embedded in a polymeric matrix generate unstable interfaces and the stress applied to the fiber/polymer composite is not efficiently transferred from the matrix to the fiber. Thus the beneficial reinforcement effect of the fiber remains under exploited. Among the available biopolymer, polylactic acid (PLA) is the most established biodegradable polymer. Surprisingly jute is the second most widely used natural fiber for reinforcing polylactide. Several chemical and physical treatments are performed to improve the fiber–matrix adhesion by reducing the difference between hydrophilic/hydrophobic characters of jute fiber and PLA matrix. Conventional chemical modification methods are alkalization, acetylation and bleaching. These methods are more frequently used due to their relative simplicity, low cost and efficiency. Permanganate treatment, silane treatment, peroxide treatment, shellac resin treatment are also commonly used as chemical treatments. However physical treatments such as plasma treatments, corona discharge treatments, UV treatments etc. are reported as more eco-friendly than chemical treatments. In this chapter a brief summary of all physical and chemical treatments of jute fiber reinforced PLA composites has been presented and the resulted mechanical properties are also discussed.

The effect of chemical (NaF, NaN3) and physical (heating, autoclaving) treatments of sludge flocs on bacteria and viruses in sludge undergoing aerobic digestion was studied as part of studies on the mechanisms of removal of these agents by aerobic waste treatment. Following either chemical or physical treatments, aerobically digested sludge flocs adsorbed only a small portion of added or indigenous bacteria. These treatments also reduced inactivation of bacteria as compared with untreated sludge flocs. In contrast, these treatments had relatively little effect on either adsorption of enteroviruses to sludge flocs or on inactivation of viruses. The treatments that decreased bacterial association with sludge flocs and decreased the inactivation rate of bacteria also reduced the number of active protozoans and other predators. It is concluded that enteric viruses and bacteria have different affinities for sludge flocs and are inactivated by different mechanisms during aerobic digestion of sludge.

Influence of poly (stearyl acrylate co-behenyl acrylate) as flow improvers on the viscosity reduction of Malaysian crude oil

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, high BOD and COD water pollution has severely damaged the water environment and human health. This study aims to find effective treatment solutions. It systematically analyzes physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods by comparing their effects, exploring synergies, and considering costs. Physical treatment is simple and cost - effective but has limited ability in removing dissolved pollutants. Chemical treatment can efficiently remove various pollutants quickly, yet it may cause secondary pollution and have high costs. The results indicate that combined treatment with optimized processes is more effective. This research provides theoretical support for practical water pollution treatment, contributing to the development of more efficient and sustainable treatment technologies.

The transmission control of the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the most effective strategy by the absence of its specified vaccine or drug. Although the aerosol mediated transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 has been confirmed, the physicochemical treatment of the biotic and abiotic objects is still the most promising approach in its infection control. The front line of the most effective disinfecting compounds on SARS‐CoV‐2 implies to be sodium hypochlorite, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and phenolic compounds, respectively. However, widely used compounds of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride) biguanides (chlorhexidine) have not shown the multitude load reduction in less than 10 minutes. The susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 to physical treatment follows the pattern of heat, acidity, and UV radiation. Rather all of the mentioned physical or chemical treatments, target the envelope proteins of the coronavirus mainly by impairing its entry to host cells. The anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity of combinatorial physicochemical treatments or evaluation of new chemical entities or physical treatments such as microwave irradiation still needs to be explored. Therefore, the development of a reliable decontamination protocol for SARS‐CoV‐2 demands revealing its stability pattern study vs a spectrum of single and combinatorial physicochemical parameters.

An investigation into the effect of various chemical and physical treatments of a South African phosphogypsum to render it suitable as a set retarder for cement

The present investigation was carried out at Department of Vegetable Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2019-2021. Five to six months old stored spine gourd seeds were exposed to various physical (T1: control, T2: 48 hours soaking in water, T3: hot water treatment for 20 minutes + 48 hourssoaking in water, T4: scarification by sand paper + 48 hours soaking in water, T5: removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water) and chemical (C1: GA3 100 ppm, C2: GA3 200 ppm, C3: KNO3 1%, C4: KNO3 2%, C5: Thiourea 1%, C6: Thiourea 2% &amp; C7: Control) treatments. The experiment was laid out in factorial CRD design with 35 treatment combinations replicated twice. The seeds were sown in plastic trays containing cocopeat media. The effect of these treatments on percentage of germination, length of seedling, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index- I and II were studied. It was concluded that among the physical treatments, T5 (removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water), among the chemical treatments, C1 (GA3 100 ppm) and between the interactions, T5C1 recorded highest germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index- I and vigour index – II. The lowest values were recorded in control. From the experimental results.it was observed that seed coat removed seeds soaked for 48 hours in water followed by treatment with GA3 100 ppm recorded highest germination percentage and seedling vigour in spine gourd.

Removal of BB9 textile dye by biological, physical, chemical, and electrochemical treatments

A comparative evaluation is presented of physical and chemical treatments performed on coconut shell powder, in relation to the adsorption capacity of Cu2+/Cd2+ ions. The chemical treatment consisted of impregnation with monoethanolamine (mass ratio of 1:1) or a microemulsion (composed of 10 wt % sodium octanoate). The physical treatment was through steam explosion (P = 5 bar, T = 210 °C). Treatment efficiency was assessed using physical characterization of the adsorber material. Assessment of the ion adsorption capacity was performed in batch mode. The comparative investigation was carried out based on the Langmuir model constants, kinetic constants, and thermodynamic parameters. The efficiency of the modifications was also evaluated through adsorption‐desorption cycles.