Sakīnah , shekhinah , and a Dead Cat’s Head: The Evolution of an Islamic Exegesis

During the formation of Chinese professional music in the twentieth century, one of the most important tasks that musicians faced was the creation of a repertoire in various genres. The development of European polyphonic genres, forms and techniques by Chinese composers took place in close connection with the study of the history of polyphony and the analysis of the features of polyphonic writing by outstanding composers of the past centuries. The study of J. S. Bach's work is the basis for the training of both piano performers and composers. The purpose of the research in the article is to discover the methods of interaction of polyphonic genres and techniques developed in Bach's keyboard works with the peculiarities of the national musical style. The article analyzes the works: the invention "Deep at Night" by Zhu Shi, fugue No. 8 on the theme of fugue from Bach's HTK and Passacaglia-fugue No. 24 from the cycle "24 fugues" by Yu Xuxian. The author of the article relies on the provisions developed in the works of Russian and Chinese scientists on the problems of polyphony V. Protopopov, I. Kuznetsov, Chen Mingzhi and others. The article uses a set of methods aimed at studying the peculiarities of mastering Bach's work by Chinese musicians, the interpretation of the genres of invention, fugue, passacaglia in the works of Chinese composers. Based on the study of the works of Chinese scientists and the analysis of works in the genres of invention, fugue on the theme of Bach as part of a large polyphonic cycle, passacaglia, a conclusion is made about the uniqueness of samples of Chinese polyphony and a peculiar interpretation of Bach traditions in Chinese piano music, coming from the collision of different cultural and aesthetic ideas of the Chinese and Europeans. In the considered works, the forms that have developed in Western European Baroque music are filled with new content, and the means of expression inherent in Chinese traditional music are adapted to strict polyphonic canons. The combination of diatonics and angemitonic pentatonics, complementary rhythmics and rhythmic figures characteristic of Chinese traditional Peking opera, a mixture of polyphonic and harmonic texture types are decisive in the considered works.

This article recovers history of term the of Israel (b'not yisrael) from its earliest usage in biblical passages and second temple sources to its appearance in late antique Jewish texts, focusing specifically on term's connotations in rabbinic sources and ritual texts. Rather than taking term at face-value as denoting women's subordinate status, we argue that this term may have a buried history, and that uncovering history of term daughters of Israel offers a fascinating entry-point into role of women in establishing and transforming—rather than merely observing—Jewish law and ritual. Extending Mieke Bal's notion of feminist philology to investigation of rabbinic and other late antique Jewish sources, we make case that in rabbinic literature from late antiquity, Hebrew term daughters of Israel appears in sites of contestation, sometimes deployed in discussions about women's innovation in ritual practice in ways that evoke women's ritual agency from narrative biblical sources. In late antique incantations bowls, Aramaic term for daughters of Israel (b'not yisrael) evokes legal language of second temple marriage contracts that explicitly includes women and may have served to highlight their particular agency as well. Thus in both sets of sources, term often signals moments when women act as subjects (rather than objects) of ritual and legal discourse.

In this research we devised and implemented a semi-automatic approach for building a SageBook–a cross-generational social network of the Jewish sages from the Rabbinic literature. The proposed methodology is based on a shallow argumentation analysis leading to detection of lexical–syntactic patterns which represent different relationships between the sages in the text. The method was successfully applied and evaluated on the corpus of the Mishna, the first written work of the Rabbinic Literature which provides the foundation to the Jewish law development. The constructed prosopographical database and the network generated from its data enable a large-scale quantitative analysis of the sages and their related data, and therefore might contribute to the research of the Talmudic literature and evolution of the Jewish thought throughout the two last millennia.

Many details of the phonatory process are not yet fully understood. Besides observational research, scientists have long since been trying to explain the physical fundamentals of voicing using simulations. This approach is commonly called modeling. However, the knowledge gained often failed to find its way to professionals working with the voice, such as singing teachers, voice therapists, and voice coaches, and sometimes also to otorhinolaryngologists and phoniatricians. The reason for this is that scientific publications on this topic mostly contain very detailed mathematical and physical descriptions, which are often hard to understand. A simplified presentation and explanation of current methods for modeling the phonatory process, which have contributed greatly to uncovering and understanding the relationships involved in voicing during recent years. The presented methods cover a wide spectrum, ranging from numerically rather simple to mathematically highly complex models. Experimental models are based on self-oscillating silicon or static vocal folds. Cadaver models have the advantage of being representative of the natural phonation process. An overview of different kinds of models is given to show the diversity of modeling approaches without going into mathematical or physical details. Numerical and experimental models for simulating the phonatory process enable causalities and correlations to be uncovered, which can be used in the future to adapt conservative and surgical voice therapies, or even to suggest entire new treatment strategies.

This article aims to describe the annotated bibliography as a means of making information searchers search for information on Student Final Program indusri Production Systems and Chemical Engineering, College of Industrial Technology Padang (ATIP) 2012-2013 the existing collection of scientific works in the library that comes with the ATIP inclusion of annotations. Inclusion of annotations in the annotated bibliography aims to help information seekers get a picture, illustration literature required contents. Advantages that are obtained seekers can find out information about the final project. The results of the study stated that the determination of the stage of making a bibliography is a bibliography of titles, in this case to consider is about the availability of a collection, use the collection to the user and what information is most needed by the user or pemustaka. The collection of library materials relating to the collection of things that have successfully traced recorded information about the author, Legal information, physical description or collation as well as additional information or annotation. Selection of library materials, the selection is intended that the articles collected in accordance with the specified topic grouping or classification. Keywords : Bibliography, Annotated, Industrial Production Systems

This paper is dedicated to the description of all our research done so far in the field of simulation of small hydropower plants as well as in creating a functional laboratory model based on the proposed simulation models. Comparing to the common structures, we propose some different approaches in modelling parts of the small hydropower plants, e.g. fuzzy model of the hydraulic turbine efficiency. Moreover, this simulation model is created directly for the small hydropower plants, thus it simplifies parts, that are commonly used in other scientific papers and simulate the phenomenon connected to the big scale hydropower plants structure and physical description. As a necessary step in the process of creation of universal laboratory model of a small hydropower plant that should be used for design and tuning purposes of new approaches of controlling such systems, we discuss the research and development phase that led to the final construction of the depicted laboratory model.

Sverdlovsk (or, as it is more often called, Ural) school of animation has made a name for itself throughout the world and is gaining recognition at prominent film festivals. It is noted for the visual ingenuity, experimenting with production techniques and special twists in storylines. The plots are often based on folk traditions of national (including the Urals) and world literature. Even given the relevance of the unique experience of Ural author’s animation in Russian and internationally, the totality of authors and their works hasn’t been properly studied as yet. Films by the founders of the Urals animation school are the least investigated in the scientific literature. This article identifies specific features, traditions and tendencies in development of screen animation in the Urals in the 60s–80s of XX century. Examples of works made by the Urals animators are used to illustrate the distinctive features in author’s interpretations of folk traditions and motifs in animation. Films of that period targeted the young audience and were didactic and moralistic in nature. Simultaneously, these films contained theatrical elements stemming from folk carnival and funfair culture and were full of comedy and entertainment. On-screen pieces of work were based on tales of different nations of the USSR and also on works by P.P.Bazhov and D.N.Mamin-Sibiryak. These films were often characterized by eclectic elements, “style game” and a mixture of genres. Film characters frequently used songs, chastushki (humorous folk songs) and poems to express themselves. A voiceover was widely used. Puppet and cut out animation were the main animation techniques. During these years new generations of animation artists were already being trained at the Sverdlovsk Film Studio and they had a chance to internalize the experience and traditions of experts in the workplace. By the mid-1980-s “Ural animation school” emerged as a term in the professional sphere and has since been considered a holistic phenomenon which is worth special attention of modern researchers.

Analogical thinking, relations between microcosm and macrocosm, polarity and intensification, inspiration, magical, alchemistic, and magnetic/sympathetic concepts: key terms like these indicate the importance of the traditions of pansophist and holistic interpretation of the world in Goethe's literary and scientific works. Of equal significance is his engagement with 'universal wisdom' ( Weltweisheit ), as embodied in the philosophical and scientific tendencies of the age he lived in. The Geneva conference of the Swiss Goethe Society documented here casts light on Goethe's position in the rivalries tensions between old and new in his day.

Reviewed by: Texts in Transit in the Medieval Mediterranean eds. by Y. Tzvi Langermann and Robert G. Morrison Peter Phillip Jones Texts in Transit in the Medieval Mediterranean, ed. Y. Tzvi Langermann and Robert G. Morrison (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press 2016) 270 pp. This collection of eleven essays grew out of ongoing conversations between editors Y. Tzvi Langermann (Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel) and Robert G. Morrison (Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine), and finds its focus on the history of science and its intersections with religious thought in the medieval Eastern Mediterranean. Within this rough topical frame, the contributors attempt to tackle, through historical and philological approaches, the transit of various texts across the Mediterranean, and the implications of those transits for medieval languages and cultures, with the aim of bettering our understanding of how knowledge was exchanged from one culture to another. In other words, each contribution probes at least one "transit," and approaches this term as a multivalent concept from the physical movement of texts, to their translations and re-translations, while also considering the impacts they may have had on medieval intellectual history, each in their specific contexts. Rather than attempt to reproduce the multitude of provocative conclusions and interesting methodological characteristics of the entries in this collection, I merely offer an overview of the contributions, with a few closing thoughts. The first essay, by Robert G. Morrison, examines the role of oral transmission in translating the Sefer Mezuqqaq ("The purified book"), an astronomical text first written in Arabic and then translated into Hebrew by a Moses ben Elijah (likely 15th c.), who had the text verbally read out to him in Turkish. Recognizing the text as a Hebrew version of a popular Islamic text on astronomy (the al-Mulakhkhaṣ), Morrison homes in on modifications made in the Hebrew translation, which may have been the result of the text's oral transmission. Morrison describes a back-and-forth communication process between a Hebrew writer and a Turkish speaker that led the translator to problematize the approaches to astronomy put forward in the text, in the course of translating. The second essay, by Ofer Elior, is a case study of Jewish Byzantine reception of Spanish-Provençal Hebrew philosophical and scientific texts. Analyzing the letters of a fifteenth-century Byzantine Jewish scholar, Rabbi Yedidyah Rakh, Elior shows how Rakh confronts and complements Maimonidean rationalism in his attempts to reconcile seeming contradictions between the Torah and the scientific reasoning of his day. Elior's analysis also reinforces the notion, put forward by past scholarship, that the Byzantine Jewish intellectual community of this time was detached from other Jewish intellectual traditions. So while there is considerable evidence to show that philosophical and scientific works were crossing the Mediterranean for Byzantine consumption, somewhere a disconnection resulted in a separate, isolated, and often less precise tradition of scientific and philosophical interpretation. [End Page 279] The third essay, by Y. Tzvi Langermann, is a study of Abraham Bar Ḥiyya's composite theory of light and opposition, drawn together from diverse sources (Greek, Jewish, Islamic). Langermann looks at Bar Ḥiyya's eschatological treatise, The Scroll of the Revealer, and considers the notion of gradations of light, and the idea that the universe is organized according to pairs of opposites. Tracing Bar Ḥiyya's theories back to their influences, such as Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed and the Sefer Yeṣira, a medieval cosmological text, Langermann persuasively argues that Bar Ḥiyya carefully adapted from these influences in the shaping of his own original work of Jewish eschatology. The fourth essay, by Leigh Chipman, considers secret writing, or cryptography, and its use in encrypting poetry and prose in the Middle East during the late Ayyubid and early Mamluk periods (thirteenth/fourteenth centuries). Chipman explores the possible functions served by cryptography in diplomatic affairs of the time, and how knowledge of cryptography may have travelled west, from Mosul to Venice, due to improved diplomatic relations based around increased trade. The fifth essay, by Leonardo Capezzone, discusses the multiple re-conceptualizations of memory from the eighth to the thirteenth centuries in Islamic intellectual history, tracing its meaning as a moral virtue, and function...

The practice of tarawih prayer is inseparable from the influence of local communities' history, culture, and traditions, which creates variations in practice in different regions. There are differences of opinion regarding the number of rak'ahs and the procedure for performing tarawih prayers, especially in Indonesia, where some follow 8 rak'ahs. In comparison, others follow 20 rak'ahs, each with a different basis. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of these differences and examines the kitab Kasyfu at-Tabārih fī Bayāni Ṣalat at-Tarāwīh by KH. Abul Faḍol bin Abdus Syakur as-Senūri at-Tūbāni, which thoroughly explores the tarawih prayer. This literature research was conducted using an analytical descriptive approach, examining related texts and documents. The study's findings indicate that the differences in the number of rak'ahs and procedures of the tarawih prayer result from different interpretations of the Prophetic traditions and the practices of the Companions. This research is expected to enrich Islamic insights and reduce the potential for intergroup conflict within Muslims regarding the implementation of tarawih prayers.

A common feature of much scientific information reflected in government regulation is its passage directly from the laboratory into government decision without benefit of review and interpretation. This pattern can be attributed to a variety of factors. One is the incentives that lead government agencies to act quickly and conservatively in the name of protection of human health. Another is the relatively lengthy process of traditional review and interpretation via professional meetings and scientific publication. Yet, the case appears very strong for preserving, if foreshortening, the stages of peer review of otherwise unmatured data used in regulation. Several schemes of this sort have been tried in the past few years-some with apparent success. These are discussed alongside the proposal for a science court-a quasi-judicial vehicle for rendering judgements about scientific findings.

The fluctuations in the mental health of children and adolescents were recording the attention of various experts, related to solving different social problems. For the same reason, there are descriptions of these fluctuations and their classifications (educational, clinical-pedagogical, psychoanalytic, psychoanalytic-pedagogical) in scientific literature. It is estimated that each descriptive explanation of children's fluctuations includes multiple indications or signals of observed fluctuations, without presenting only one profile from the classifications presented in the study. In the phase of improving healthcare, psychology, and childcare, there is a strong need to accurately describe the physical, psycho-physiological, and psychological descriptions of children in order to effectively address their educational and socio-emotional needs. Content analyses is used to understand the clear statement of the situation from different perspectives.

Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean, understood traditionally, can no more be applied fruitfully in his ethics than in his scientific work. The traditional quantitative interpretation (defended by Urmson and Curzer) produces bizarre results; a preferable interpretation of achieving ‘right action, right people, right circumstances’ and so on is illuminating, but emerges as the idea of hitting the centre of a target rather than anything to do with traditional understandings of the mean. As applied to the emotions, the idea of the mean in the medical sense of achieving balance between extremes illuminates ethical education in the virtues.

Reviewed by: Abraham Joshua Heschel and the Sources of Wonder by Michael Marmur Stuart D. Robertson Abraham Joshua Heschel and the Sources of Wonder By Michael Marmur. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016. xiii + 279 pp. Michael Marmur's book is (apparently) an extension of the author's 1984 PhD dissertation at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Heschel's Rhetoric of Citation: The Use of Sources in God in Search of Man. The present book has as its basic purpose "to demonstrate how Heschel's political, intellectual, and spiritual commitments were imbedded in his reading of Jewish tradition." The author is Provost at the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion. Abraham Joshua Heschel and the Sources of Wonder is structured in nine chapters, with extensive endnotes and two indices for sources and subjects. The [End Page 143] categories developed in these chapters include Heschel's use of the Bible, rabbinic sources, Maimonides, Kabbalah, the Hasidim, his "affinity with strangers," his Aspaklaria (Hebrew, "the compendium of Jewish thought," but in this book the author defines it as Heschel's "perspective and prism through which he viewed the world"), and finally, his call to action. Marmur calls attention to the criticism of various biblical scholars that though Heschel drew on the Bible more than on other sources, he was not a biblical scholar in the mold of recent biblical scholarship. "On occasion Heschel offered decontextualized readings of the Bible that came directly from rabbinic literature." His was a "hermeneutics of surprise." "The Bible is the most sublime literary distillation of the surprise, wonder, amazement, and awe that are the primal human responses to the mystery of existence." This hermeneutic was not Heschel's unique contribution, of course, as the author notes in calling attention to his citation of "key works of the Jewish esoterical tradition, including the sixteenth century kabbalistic work, Pardes Rimmonim, of Moses b. Jacob Cordovero of Safed." Though the early rabbinic PARDES scheme of interpretation included the peshat, the plain meaning of the text, it also included mystical reflection on the Bible (sod). Neither the early understanding of peshat nor a mystical interpretation was at all like the modern scholarly approach to the Bible. Since Heschel made no pretense of being a biblical scholar in the modern sense, and admitted to his nurturing from rabbinic sources, to criticize him for this lack is inappropriate. And Marmur is not among these critics that do so. Chapter 7, "An Affinity of Strangers," displays how Heschel was similar to important Jewish thinkers of the past in his openness to non-Jewish spiritual figures. Heschel proposed there had been a link between Menahem Morgenstern (d. 1859), the Polish Kotzer Rebbe, and the Danish Lutheran philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard (d. 1855). He remembers that Heschel wrote a book on Abravanel (d. 1508), the Portuguese polymath, who was at home in Christian theology and Islamic philosophy. These are only two examples of affinity with strangers of Jewish luminaries, in whose train Heschel found a place. This is not to suggest that there were not fundamental differences between the Jewish and Christian figures but that "despite profound differences in perspective and substance . . . parochialism [was] untenable." Heschel participated with Martin Luther King, Jr. in the Civil Rights march on Selma. He was a friend of Reinhold Niebuhr, the influential Christian voice of conscience, and many others. These affinities were based on a common cause that reflected the Jewish ideal of tecun olam, to heal the world. [End Page 144] Marmur appropriately reminds the reader that Heschel's driving inner forces made necessary something larger than great thoughts. His work became a call to action. As his life drew near its end, Heschel "expressed opinions on a wide array of social issues and current affairs." But he not only spoke out, but also participated in the causes about which he spoke. Why? First, because for him to withdraw from the world was "futile and unworthy." Second, because to remain a bystander was immoral. Third, because he followed the example of the biblical prophets. Though he was steeped in the rabbinic heritage, and was widely read beyond Jewish sources, he drew on the Bible...

SEER, 94, 2, APRIL 2016 356 himself has visited some of the cities in question and provides his own photos to boot. Chapter six considers some of the many technologies which have been employed in northern development, the problems to which they have given rise, and the consequences for the region’s environment and its residents. Chapter seven, the final chapter, considers the north since the fall of Communism and particularly under Putin and Medvedev. After an interlude of retreat under El´tsin, when the region suffered massive population loss, the Russian government has recently rekindled its interest, activities and investment. The author argues that this has occurred as a consequence of the growing significance of the region’s natural resources and of competition from other states eager to make the most of Russia’s quiescence under El´tsin. The author quite rightly worries about the future of the Arctic’s fragile environment since, as he points out, neither Russia nor other Arctic states have shown too much concern about the possible consequences of frenetic resource exploitation. Altogether this is a very good book. The author was able to spend several months in the region, using archives and libraries, having discussions with scientists and local peoples, and undertaking field excursions. He has used an impressive range of sources — archival holdings, scientific publications, online sources, memoirs, photographs, film, novels and other literary materials. Despite the occasional hyperbole, the account is on the whole a balanced one and Russian and Soviet experience is mostly appropriately placed in a comparative context. Here and there the style becomes somewhat wordy with tiresome lists and overlong sentences. The book would therefore have benefited from some editing. But this does little to detract from the solid scholarship which clearly underpins this volume. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Denis J. B. Shaw University of Birmingham Staliūnas, Darius. Enemies for a Day: Antisemitism and Anti-Jewish Violence in Lithuania under the Tsars. Historical Studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, 3. Central European University Press, Budapest and New York, 2015. xii + 284 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $60.00: €45.00: £38.00. This new work on pogroms in Lithuania in the late-tsarist period by the well-respected historian, Darius Staliūnas, has much to offer. The author describes little-known pogroms and disturbances in rural Lithuania, using first-hand accounts, rare documents, newspapers and memoirs in five languages (Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Hebrew and Yiddish). With this material, Professor Staliūnas tries to reconstruct why a pogrom started, REVIEWS 357 what actually occurred, and retrieve the various reactions at the time. This method is successful because we get enough pieces to visualize the outlines of the puzzle picture and sometimes even more. Additionally, Staliūnas asks whether Lithuania was more or less antisemitic than other parts of the Pale of Settlement and whether Lithuanians were more prone to violence against Jews than others. The author is interested in historiographical issues, especially the problem of evidence. He writes: ‘It would be easy if we could completely trust in the information presented by each of these groups: the evidence of the attackers or their advocates in the broad sense as presented to interrogators or the press; official data presented by officials in their reports to their superiors; or the accounts in the Jewish press, evidence given by Jews to investigators, or appeals and complaints addressed to the authorities. Unfortunately, each of these sources has its own defects. Attackers rarely admitted participating in violence, and if they did, they often blamed other people for their actions or even the Jews themselves. In general, ordinary people’s motivations seem to be more reliably explained by their actions than by their writings or by others who acted in their name. Likewise, we must also view Jewish sources critically, because as time went on, Jews tended more and more to blame the authorities for the pogroms, and Jewish advocates had their own political agenda’ (p. 13). Oftentimes historians raise doubts in their introductions about whether ‘history’ can be known, but then ignore these circumspections and act as though you can trust sources. Staliūnas belongs to the rare few who relentlessly challengesourcesinordertoassesswhatcanbeknownatwhatlevelofcertainty...