Abstract
Lymphoid neogenesis, the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (1), within distal lung parenchyma indisputably characterizes advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2, 3). Many such lung lymphoid follicles (LLFs) contain germinal centers, indicating immunoglobulin class-switching. Some LLFs in advanced COPD produce auto-antibodies that could fuel lung destruction (4, 5). These findings make lung B cells highly suspicious, especially when congregating in LLF.
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