Abstract
In the development of an attract-and-kill approach for the management of harlequin bug (HB), Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), we evaluated attraction and retention of HB by pheromone-baited traps in the field. In release-recapture and on-farm experiments, traps with collard plants with lures-containing HB aggregation pheromone (murgantiol = 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol) arrested and retained more HB than traps with either plant or lure. In order to avoid unwanted vicinity effects (increased feeding injury to neighboring crop plants due to halo or spillover effects), we also investigated two methods of retaining HB that were attracted to traps: a systemic toxicant (neonicotinoid applied to the trap plant as a drench) and a contact toxicant (long-lasting insecticidal netting [LLIN] with incorporated pyrethroid). More HB adults and more HB-feeding injury were observed on collard plants in the vicinity of lures compared with those neighboring lures in combination with a systemic toxicant. This difference indicates that improvements to trap retention acted to mitigate spillover effects, thereby avoiding unwanted vicinity effects. We also conducted laboratory assays in order to estimate the length of exposure to LLIN necessary to knock down HB adults and nymphs, calculating a knockdown time (KDT50) of 78.3, 2.6, and 2.1 s for females, males, and nymphs, respectively.
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