Abstract
The lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is a legume domesticated and cultivated for more than 4000 years by the pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean zone. Due to its good taste and protein content, the lupin seed contributes significantly to the food and nutritional security of the Andean population. However, lupin is susceptible to diseases, and of these, anthracnose is the most devastating as it affects the whole crop, including leaves, stems, pods, and seeds. This review focuses on available strategies for management of lupin anthracnose from sowing to harvest. Seed disinfection is the primary anthracnose management strategy. Seed treatment with fungicides reduces transmission from seed to seedling, but it does not eradicate anthracnose. Attention is given to alternative strategies to limit this seed-borne pathogen as well as to enhance plant resistance and to promote plant growth. For anthracnose management in the field, integrated practices are discussed that encompass control of volunteer plants, lupin ontogenetic resistance, and rotation of biocontrol with chemical fungicides at susceptible phenological stages. This review covers some local experiences on various aspects of anthracnose management that could prove useful to other the groups focusing on the problem.
Highlights
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is a Fabaceae used as food since pre-Inca times in the Andean countries
Studies conducted in Australia have shown that L. angustifolius, L. luteus, and L. albus seed heat treated with 60–80 ◦ C for a two-week period or less reduced lupin anthracnose infection to an undetectable level, and these treatments did not greatly reduce seed germination [44]
In the work of Falconi and Yanez [51], Andean lupin seedlings that grew from ultraviolet radiation (UV)-C treated seed recorded higher enzymatic activity, similar to what occurs in tomato plants treated with azoxystrobin or Pseudomonas fluorescens, other treatments that induce plant resistance [67]
Summary
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is a Fabaceae used as food since pre-Inca times in the Andean countries. It is characterized by its high nutritional value, atmospheric nitrogen fixation in soil, and adaptation to various climatic conditions with minimal soil and water requirements [1,2]. In the Andean areas of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, lupin constitutes one of the main sources of food and income for indigenous populations [2]. The food industry demands continuous production of high quality and uniform lupin seeds to sustain their processes [5]. Anthracnose, have a direct negative effect on production and quality of lupin seed [5,6]. It is important at this time to review the available anthracnose management strategies to synthesize local information, known science, and future disease management
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