Abstract
Nutrient recycling and mobilization from organ to organ all along the plant lifespan is essential for plant survival under changing environments. Nutrient remobilization to the seeds is also essential for good seed production. In this review, we summarize the recent advances made to understand how plants manage nutrient remobilization from senescing organs to sink tissues and what is the contribution of autophagy in this process. Plant engineering manipulating autophagy for better yield and plant tolerance to stresses will be presented.
Highlights
Intracellular recycling plays an essential role in the proper control of cellular events, such as modulating the levels of key regulators, and more importantly, as the main housekeeper that removes cellular debris and replenishes essential nutrients to support new growth [1,2]
The TOR kinase plays a role in regulating the transcription of genes. It activates genes involved in anabolic processes that are essential for rapid growth like amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and represses genes mediating the degradation of proteins, amino acids, lipids and xenobiotic, and autophagy regulation [35]
Further pull-down experiments using the DCG-04 biotinylated inhibitor of papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP), showed that the active papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) accumulated in autophagy mutants in low-nitrate condition were mainly SAG12, RD21A, Cathepsin B3 (CATHB3), and aleurain-like protease (AALP)
Summary
Intracellular recycling plays an essential role in the proper control of cellular events, such as modulating the levels of key regulators, and more importantly, as the main housekeeper that removes cellular debris and replenishes essential nutrients to support new growth [1,2]. Micro-autophagy proceeds by the invagination of the tonoplast to trap cytoplasmic material congregated at the vacuole surface to create autophagic bodies within the vacuole (Figure 1). Such a micro-autophagy process is poorly described in plants. Expression of several AuTophaGy-related (ATG) genes encoding key components for autophagosome formation is increased [12] The suppression of these genes disrupts the normal development of autophagosomes and results in hypersensitivity to starvations as well as premature leaf senescence. Micro-autophagy consists of the invagination of the tonoplast and participates in the formation of anthocyanin vacuole inclusions (AVI)
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