Autonomy in Engineer Support

The aim of this study was to create an overview of the Czech Armed Forces' development in approach to environmental protection from 1989 to 2022. Using the methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison of the Czech, EU´s and NATO´s environmental legislation, we created a comprehensive and previously unpublished overview of environmental protection within the Czech Armed Forces. Found outputs were set into illustrations depicting the activities in the environmental field with internal links between civil legislation, EU's requirements, and NATO's policy in chronological order. We conclude that the year 2000 represents a key milestone from which the approach to environmental protection have stagnated. Among the reasons for the stagnation, we identify commanders' concerns about "green approach" to troop training and the lack environmental education within defence department.

This paper delves into measuring the resilience of Czech armed forces to hybrid interference. The study operationalizes resilience across psychological, social, institutional, and national dimensions, employing a survey questionnaire distributed within the Czech Armed Forces, using a purposive sample of five different groups. Factors like subjective optimism, patriotism, and satisfaction with the armed forces as an employer were assessed, alongside soldiers’ political attitudes, morale, or cohesion. The data suggest high levels of resilience stemming from personal satisfaction, pro-democratic attitudes, trust in commanders, and, most importantly, resolve to fight and defend the country regardless of the actual capabilities of the armed forces. Belonging to the armed forces seems to predict one’s higher resilience despite individual-level differences such as age or education.

The last decade of change in the Czech Republic has introduced a market economy, a pluralistic political system, and democratic values of liberalism, freedom and individualism. In this context, Czech society identified quick integration with Europe and its security system as a political priority. Both politicians and the public recognised that reform of the Czech Republic’s own internal and external security systems would be a precondition of this integration process, and so began to pay significant — if selective — attention to it. Internal security issues — and in particular the establishment of democratic oversight of the intelligence services and the reform of the police — were given priority. In contrast, military issues were de-prioritised. Czech society was convinced early on of the armed forces’ loyalty to the new government and of the reality of democratic civilian control. Once these issues were addressed, society’s attention turned to more vital economic, social and political problems. As a result, the reform of the Czech armed forces became the almost exclusive concern of the politicians in the Ministry of Defence, and senior military officers. It was only after NATO accession and the Kosovo crisis that Czech society began to pay more attention to specifically military issues. This process was intensified by the events of 11 September 2001.

The Czech Armed Forces' soldiers of all specializations and mainly the chemical corps'specialist are prepared for task fulfillment in military and non-military operations within those a real threat of weapons of mass destruction employment and, occasionally, the real danger of toxic industrial materials leakage is present. They can solve problems caused by acids leakage in contaminated areas mainly during task fulfillment in non-military operations on the Czech Republic territory in cooperation with Fire Rescue Brigades' chemical specialists. Individual protective equipment which is established in the Czech Armed Forces were neither design for this purpose and, moreover, nor tested and thus there is no real data concerning their chemical resistivity. In recent time, some methods have been introduced into the Czech Armed Forces environment. They are useful for determination of chemical resistivity of barrier materials against toxic compounds detectable with acid-basic (colorimetric) methods and conductometric ones. The paper deals with the possibility of using the presented methods and compares the suitability of their application in relation to the protective garments designated for the Czech Armed Forces members' body surface.

The article presents selected functionalities of intelligence support in the Czech Armed Forces, which are addressed in the context of opportunities and challenges of the future operating environment. Its aim is to formulate, in parallel reflection with the current approaches of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the possibilities of implementing intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and electromagnetic warfare in national conditions. Military practice is presented with a direction on how to respond to changes in the nature of the operational environment, including changes in the physical and non-physical domains of the battlespace to which all components of modern military forces must adapt while maintaining the necessary interoperability. The article is a response to differing and often not entirely correct understandings of the issue, which can be found even among specialists. It summarizes what has been learned so far and suggests where the discussed functionalities should go.

The article is focused on analysis of Tactical Data Links deployment within the Czech Armed Forces according to a Federated Mission Networking (FMN) Spiral 2 Specification based on its candidate draft meant for endorsement by the FMN Management Group by the end of 2017. At the beginning the article briefly describes the Tactical Data Links and FMN concept itself. Then, in line with purpose of the FMN concept, a hypothesis presuming that application of FMN Spiral 2 could be a solution to eliminate persisting weak points in TDL area within the Czech Armed Forces is stated. Following part describes TDL from FMN concept perspective in detail. Main part is dedicated to its analysis and evaluation regarding the current situation within the Czech Armed Forces. Based on evaluation the hypothesis is assessed. Subsequently there are suggested solutions to ameliorate the current situation that are based on other FMN Instructions, own experience and contemporary projects to fulfill requirements of the Czech Armed Forces. The article is concluded with proposed procedure.

The Lessons Learned Process was introduced in the Czech Armed Forces in 2004. Since then the LL process has become a standard part of the command and control process as well as one of the tools generating input to abilities development of units, formations, and staffs at all levels. The LL process allows to learn from both own and others’ mistakes; it also allows to use the best general procedures in all functional areas of development and deployment of armed forces. Not only does the article describe achievements, it also focuses on barriers which impede the efficient development of the system and the LL process. The focus of the article lies in the LL process current state analysis; here the authors come to the conclusion that one of the main problems is that commanders misunderstand the LL process. Another obstacle is the way the identified LL are analysed at the strategic level of command. In the conclusion, recommendations describing the way the identified barriers can be overcome and thus ensure further process optimization are presented.

СИТУАЦІЙНІ ЦЕНТРИ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ОРГАНІВ ЯК СКЛАДОВА МЕХАНІЗМУ ПРИВЕДЕННЯ У ВИЩІ СТУПЕНІ БОЙОВОЇ ГОТОВНОСТІ ЧАСТИН І ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ СИЛ ОБОРОНИ

Lessons learned process enables an organization to learn from its mistakes and successes. Thanks to this process an organization can reduce the risk of repeating mistakes and increase the chance that successes are repeated. This article aims to present the results of the research, especially, results of the process analysis of sharing lessons in the Czech Armed Forces. Based on the procedural deficiencies identification, benchmarking comparisons with lessons learned process of other organizations were carried out. The purpose of the benchmarking was to do away with the above mentioned deficiencies. To use benchmarking was beneficial from the point of view of a simplified model processing. The final part of the article introduces set of recommendation including the optimized model of the lessons learned process.

The aim of the paper is to provide a detailed view on motivation for learning second languages in the Czech Armed Forces. As an important prerequisite of interoperability, foreign language proficiency represents an integral part of competences necessary for the personnel serving in modern western militaries. Therefore, language education belongs to significant components of professional military education. As in any other human activity, motivation represents one of the key factors influencing resulting effectiveness. Complexity and diversity of motivation wit h focus on languagelearning motivation rather than language classroom motivation have been considered alongside with striving for higher effectiveness of the second language learning process. Motivational factors include respondents’ goals, attitudes andefforts. Awareness of the fact which motivational factor is the driving force behind students’ willingness to study second language and their success will definitely contribute not only to the production of tailor -made courses, but alsoto the qualitatively improved overall approach towards the second language learning process within the Czech Armed Forces.

From a certain point of view, it can be said that leadership and management are two different things that go hand in hand and complement each other. A number of authors dealing with this issue have long tried to define the exact boundaries between these terms, which, however, may not be entirely beneficial. It is desirable rather to seek appropriate interconnection of both areas in order to ensure the continuous development of the organization. For this reason, the concepts of strategic management, strategic thinking and knowledge management have been clarified. It is possible to apply strategic leadership in the Czech Armed Forces in the right way only by assuming that these areas are used correctly. The aim of the article is to present the current leader profile at a strategic level under the Leadership laws, using the theory developed by major author John Calvin Maxwell. The article details the results of the questionnaire survey. The strong, average and weak areas of leadership capabilities of the organization's top management are clearly identified. In conclusion, the most important recommendations are proposed to improve the current situation.

The article is focused on an implementation of NATO SW Tool Networked Interoperable Real-time Information Services (NIRIS) in order to improve the current situation in an area of connection and data exchange interoperability among Command and Control (C2) systems of the Czech Armed Forces. The article starts with a general interoperability issue. The main part is focused on current interoperability possibilities of the Czech Armed Forces C2 systems. It also compares interoperability levels in a relation to coalition command and control systems. As a reference model there are applied Levels of Information System Interoperability (LISI). Based on results the NATO Software Tool NIRIS which was designed by NATO Communication and Information Agency to this purpose is proposed there as a solution for the Czech Armed Forces. In the third part there is a detailed description of NIRIS tools. Following paragraphs concentrate on its possible deployment including its advantages and positive impacts on the interoperability level as on the possibilities of data transmission.

The process of the Lessons Learned in the Czech Armed Forces is not ideal for several reasons. One of them is the underestimation of the process by top management. Another one is the low level of awareness of the process, institutions, possibilities and importance of the Lessons Learned Process as a whole. The aim of this article is to clarify the Lessons Learned Process as a tool to support the organization. The first part of the article deals with the process of the Lessons Learned in the Czech Armed Forces including terminology. The second part of the article describes the factual implementation of the Lessons Learned in the Czech Armed Forces. It points out achievements as well as drawbacks during its implementation. In addition to that, it introduces the current Czech military publications dealing with this topic. The conclusion presents the description of some suggestions and recommendations for further development of this process.

Purpose: This study analyzes the strategic implications of Indonesia’s membership in BRICS on national defense and security, focusing on its potential to strengthen military cooperation, diversify defense procurement, and enhance geopolitical positioning while navigating complex global alignments. Research methodology: This study employs a qualitative method using a literature review and secondary data analysis. These sources include policy documents from the Indonesian government, international reports, and academic publications related to BRICS, defense diplomacy, and global security dynamics. Descriptive and comparative analysis techniques were used to explore the strategic implications and potential shifts in Indonesia's foreign policy. Results: The study finds that BRICS membership offers Indonesia enhanced access to alternative funding via the New Development Bank, broader defense cooperation, and opportunities to modernize military capabilities through technology transfer. It also provides a platform for more assertive defense diplomacy. However, risks include potential diplomatic friction with Western allies, internal power asymmetries within BRICS countries, and challenges to Indonesia’s non-aligned foreign policy stance. Conclusions: Indonesia’s BRICS membership can bolster national defense and strategic autonomy if managed with diplomatic prudence. A balanced foreign policy is essential to leverage the advantages of BRICS while preserving partnerships with Western powers and ASEAN allies. Investment in cybersecurity, military modernization, and defense diplomacy is crucial for long-term stability. Limitations: This study relies solely on secondary data, limiting insights into internal policy dynamics and practical implementation. Contribution: It offers a strategic perspective on Indonesia’s BRICS engagement and its implications for defense diplomacy and national security.

National defense and security policy is an important focus in dealing with threats that are developing amid the current global dynamics. In the Indonesian context, national security involves various aspects, not only physical but also non-physical such as political, economic and cyber. These non-physical threats are increasingly relevant with the rapid development of globalization. It was found that Indonesia has a sufficient legal framework to regulate national defense and security, but there are still differences in interpretation and integration between institutions. Threats to national defense and security are multidimensional, involving various sectors such as the military, police, intelligence and local government. The author uses doctrinal legal research method with primary legal materials in the form of regulations and laws, and secondary data in the form of books and scientific journals. This article analyzes the existing conditions related to defense strategies and policies as well as the state's efforts in facing political, economic, and global disruption threats. Strengthening the national defense and security system requires close cooperation between the government, society and the private sector. By optimizing future defense projections, Indonesia seeks to maintain state sovereignty and mitigate threats that may arise, especially from tensions between the United States and China.Keywords: Threats, Defense and Security, Disruption, National Security Legal Plan AbstrakKebijakan pertahanan dan keamanan nasional menjadi fokus penting dalam menghadapi ancaman yang berkembang di tengah dinamika global saat ini. Dalam konteks Indonesia, keamanan nasional menyangkut berbagai aspek, tidak hanya aspek fisik namun juga non fisik seperti politik, ekonomi, dan siber. Ancaman non-fisik tersebut semakin relevan dengan pesatnya perkembangan globalisasi. Ditemukan bahwa Indonesia memiliki kerangka hukum yang memadai untuk mengatur pertahanan dan keamanan negara, namun masih terdapat perbedaan interpretasi dan integrasi antar lembaga. Ancaman terhadap pertahanan dan keamanan negara bersifat multidimensi dan melibatkan berbagai sektor seperti TNI, Polri, Intelijen, dan Pemerintah Daerah. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum doktrinal dengan bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan dan perundang-undangan, serta data sekunder berupa buku dan jurnal ilmiah. Artikel ini menganalisis kondisi eksisting terkait strategi dan kebijakan pertahanan serta upaya negara dalam menghadapi ancaman disrupsi politik, ekonomi, dan global. Penguatan sistem pertahanan dan keamanan nasional memerlukan kerja sama yang erat antara pemerintah, masyarakat, dan sektor swasta. Dengan mengoptimalkan proyeksi pertahanan ke depan, Indonesia berupaya menjaga kedaulatan negara dan memitigasi ancaman yang mungkin timbul, terutama dari ketegangan antara Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok.Kata Kunci: Ancaman, Pertahanan dan Keamanan, Gangguan, Rencana Hukum Keamanan Nasional