AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION DURING WATER TRANSPORTATION THROUGH A PIPELINE AFTER ITS RENOVATION BY ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES WITH CONSIDERATION OF TEMPERATURE FACTOR

Purpose. To distinguish the influence of inserts, with high resistance to the flow of electric current, which causes deviations of the protective potential along the length of the pipeline from its classical form. Obtaining analytical dependencies in the form of a transfer function that relates the input and output signal. That allows predicting dangerous deviations of the protective potential, the combination of which indicates a worsening of corrosion protection. Methodology. To achieve this purpose, the methods of theoretical analysis, mathematical and computer modeling, and spectral analysis of signals are used. The initial information characterizing the operating modes of adjacent cathode stations is obtained and verified based on the data from monitoring the protective potential along the tracks of underground steel pipelines of various designs. The parameters taken into account in the calculations include the geometric dimensions of the pipeline, soil condition, insulation resistance, etc. By analyzing the results of measurements obtained with the help of a recording voltmeter “PRIMA 2000” and a detector “Sprut-17”, the growth of corrosion risks arising from the repair of a damaged section of an underground steel pipeline using polyethylene pipes is established and analyzed in detail. Findings. A modeling of the operating modes of adjacent cathodic protection stations, between which there is a section of polyethylene pipeline, with the electrical parameters of an underground steel pipeline is performed. Based on the information obtained, attention is drawn to possible rational energy operation modes of adjacent cathodic protection stations, the main task of which is to reduce the corrosive effects of the polyethylene section of the underground pipeline. Originality. The paper is to substantiate the possibility of such a negative impact of a polyethylene insert in a steel pipeline, which increases the corrosion hazard. The dependence is obtained of the protective potential of cathodic protection stations in sections of the pipeline with polyethylene inserts from the operating modes of the electrical system with energy converters and their voltage generation algorithms at the output of cathodic protection stations. Practical value. The paper analyzes the signals of rectifiers of cathodic protection stations and power switches commutation modes that are aimed at improvement of the complex corrosion situation on low and medium pressure pipelines, which are characterized by heterogeneity of structure, especially within populated areas. The proposed modes of operation of adjacent cathodic protection stations reduce the level of corrosion hazard caused by the massive introduction of polyethylene pipes and their widespread use for repairing damaged sections of steel pipelines.

Energy intensity is one of the most important energy feature that has a dramatic value in energy system of Iran. Indeed, Iran is one of the most energy intensive countries in the world and its main reason is related to high energy consumption in household section. In this article, we present a non-linear model that considers three scenarios in management of household energy demand reducing. Therefore, a rational percentage of energy consumption reduction in the household sector, which firstly eliminates the imbalance between energy production and consumption, and secondly, derives a rational amount of profit from various reduction scenarios, will be presented. The mentioned rational profits in this article are obtained from three scenarios. In the first scenario, it is assumed that the percentage reduction in household energy consumption will be allocated to reducing energy demand in the industrial sector, resulting in profits from value-added creation in this sector. In the second scenario, all benefits from reducing energy consumption in the household sector will be devoted to energy exports, yielding profits from this source. Finally, in the third scenario, the reduction in energy consumption will lead to a decrease in energy supply and consequently a reduction in energy supply costs. To conduct a comprehensive study, a combination of the mentioned scenarios has also been modeled and investigated. The model results indicate that with a 25% reduction in household energy consumption in the 2024-2034 timeframe, the energy imbalance will be eliminated, and allocating 5% of this reduction entirely to the industrial sector will result in profits equivalent to $164.18 billion. However, it should be noted that in the considered combined scenarios, the greater the share of the first scenario, the higher the resulting profit, and the optimal point is achieved in the first scenario.

A Polyimide-Based Photocatalyst for Continuous Hydrogen Peroxide Production Using Air and Water under Solar Light

Due to the enactment of the Mechanical Equipment Act in April 2018 and the enforcement of the Mechanical Equipment Act in April 2020, various tasks are being actively carried out in the mechanical equipment industry, such as checking and maintaining mechanical equipment performance. Due to the development of the mechanical sleigh industry, there are various expected effects such as improving energy efficiency and securing comfort and stability for residents. However, there is still a lack of awareness of the effectiveness of general users other than experts. In this study, the effect of the mechanical facility performance inspection according to the enforcement of the Mechanical Facility Act was analyzed based on the case and the effect was verified. Results are as follows. In the case of apartment houses, energy consumption decreased by 4.2% to 4.5% after improving mechanical facility efficiency, especially in the heating sector. In the case of medical facilities, there was a reduction in energy consumption of about 16.6%, with great effect during change of seasons. In the case of work facilities, power energy consumption was greatly reduced in summer and gas energy consumption was greatly decreased in winter, resulting in an 11.2% reduction in energy consumption. Likewise, in the case of educational research facilities, power energy consumption in summer and gas energy consumption in winter were greatly reduced, showing a 5.1% reduction rate. Finally, in the case of accommodation facilities, gas energy, which accounted for a large amount of consumption, was reduced by 2.8%, resulting in a 3.7% reduction in overall energy consumption.

Beef production contributes to environmental problems, such as climate change, air pollution and water pollution. Our objective was to determine how much the introduction of beef cow grazing on abandoned lands into a housing system (housed in barns throughout the year) alters environmental impacts. We used life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of beef cow‐calf systems with and without grazing on abandoned cultivated lands, on 11 Japanese farms. The functional unit was one marketed beef calf (Japanese Black) at 8 months of age. A reduction of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP) was found in all five grazing systems (including an experimental farm), compared with the average values for housing systems. A reduction of energy consumption was also found in the five grazing systems; however, the reduction was not large in one farm. Feed transportation and production were the main contributors to energy consumption, and unless there is a decrease in the energy consumption associated with these two processes, the energy consumption throughout the life cycle will not decrease. Thus, the introduction of grazing on abandoned lands can reduce environmental impacts, but the effects can be weakened or offset depending on the amount of imported feed. In the experimental farm with a grazing system, the reduction of GWP, AP, EP and energy consumption compared with the average values for the housing systems was 32, 48, 48 and 45%, respectively. In the four commercial farms with grazing systems, the reduction of GWP, AP, EP and energy consumption was 11–24, 13–22, 19–24 and 2–21%, respectively, which we regard as possible reductions in a real life situation. We conclude that a large reduction of environmental impacts could not be achieved solely through the introduction of grazing.

In recent years, China's economic development has attracted worldwide attention, but economic growth has been at the expense of the excessive consumption of energy.Per unit of GDP's energy consumption in China is not only much higher than the United States, Japan and other developed countries that are far higher than the world average.On basis of simple analysis on the cause of excessive energy consumption in our country, this paper uses the econometrics method to study the various factors in the economic growth and how they affect the level of the energy consumption.Finally, this paper puts forward the proposal of optimize the industrial structure in our country, as well as development of new energy and so on.Only in this way can we at the same time in the guarantee of our country's economic growth and reduce energy consumption, which improve the effect of energy efficiency achieved particularly remarkable.

The presented paper focuses on the development and optimization of a 6-bit absolute value detector, a crucial digital block in encoder and decoder applications. The primary objective is to minimize energy consumption while maintaining a delay no greater than 1.5 times the minimum delay. The optimization process combines logical effort theory with gate sizing and voltage scaling techniques. Firstly, gate sizes are adjusted while keeping VDD constant, achieving a 73% reduction in energy consumption, reaching a delay constraint of 1.5 times the minimum delay. Secondly, VDD scaling is explored without altering gate sizes, resulting in a 40% reduction in energy consumption, reaching the minimum energy consumption point. Finally, gate sizing and VDD scaling are combined, yielding a remarkable 79% reduction in total energy consumption, with a supply voltage of 0.835 volts. These optimization strategies bridge a research gap in 6-bit absolute value detectors, significantly enhancing energy efficiency and offering valuable insights for intricate digital signal processing scenarios. The findings showcase the effectiveness of combining logical effort theory with gate sizing and voltage scaling to achieve substantial energy savings while meeting stringent delay constraints.

To tackle the massive drivers of global warming, which are our buildings, especially existing buildings, we need to work on making these buildings more energy efficient. Building retrofitting in Palestine can tackle the issue of energy poverty resulting from a shortage of natural resources and the dependence on imported energy. This paper aims to use energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings to assess the energy saving from a proposed retrofitting program. The most frequently used residential building types were selected for the computer simulation assessment of the energy retrofitting program. The energy use of those selected residential buildings has been identified and a base case has been established as a baseline for the energy retrofitting evaluation. Three levels of retrofitting programs were applied for the selected buildings. A Simulation model was created for the current residential building type using the DesignBuilder tool to evaluate the savings from applying the retrofit program. The simulation has been done for one climate zone in Palestine. The results show that the main energy consumption in the typical households are water heating, room heating, cooling and electric lighting. The results show that level one measures results in a 16.7% reduction in energy consumption due to reducing the heating and cooling. Level two results in a 13.3% reduction in energy consumption for heating, cooling and lighting. At level three further 28.9% reduction in the total energy consumption can be achieved for heating, cooling and water heating. The total saving from energy consumption can reach up to 58.9% of the total energy consumed in existing residential buildings by applying the three levels of the energy retrofitting plan.

Electrical energy consumption forms 99 % of the environmental impact of machining operations. Whilst replacing existing machineries for more energy efficient ones does not deem possible in short term, process planning for machining with energy consumption in mind is a more accessible solution. The effect of cutting parameters on power consumption in CNC milling of 6082 T6 aluminum alloy was investigated in this paper. Mathematical models were developed to estimate the energy and power consumption in CNC milling machines. The analysis indicated that the two less studied parameters of axial and radial depth of cut have significant impact on the total energy consumption of machining processes. Increased axial and radial depth of cut not only increase material removal rate but also increase the portion of machine tool’s power consumption dedicated to material cutting. This study indicated that 82 % reduction in energy consumption can be achieved through precise selection of cutting parameters.

In recent years, polyethylene (PE) pipes have been widely utilized for urban natural gas transmission. However, as the use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes increases, their service life and long-term performance assessment have become one of the most significant issues to be addressed. There has been a ton of studies on PE pipe life prediction techniques both domestically and internationally, but very little has been carried out on PE pipe life prediction in actual gas working environments with varying acid and alkaline levels. This experiment accelerates the aging of PE pipes using acid and alkaline corrosion immersion experiments to determine the lifespan of PE pipes. This study aims to investigate the performance changes of HDPE under strong, weak, and neutral corrosion conditions using corrosion solutions with PH values of 1, 5, and 8, to propose the impact of corrosion caused by various acids and alkalies on the HDPE aging life for natural gas, and to develop a mathematical model between the aging life of polyethylene and the PH values of acid and alkali corrosion solutions. The studies involved soaking and corroding HDPE pipes with various acidity and alkalinity chemicals to speed up the aging process, and then the tensile test was used to determine the mechanical characteristics of the aged PE pipes. Based on our findings, the empirical equation between acidity and service life of PE pipes is obtained by the mathematical fitting method, and a life prediction model of buried city gas HDPE pipes is proposed. The actual life of the aged pipes is determined by the relationship between strain-hardening (SH) modulus and aging time. The findings demonstrate that the service life of PE pipes changes with different levels of acidity and alkalinity: 1.872 days, 1060.507 days, and 1128.58 days following corrosive solution-accelerated aging with solution acidities of PH1, PH5, and PH8, respectively. The life prediction method applies to various plastic pipes in comparable environments as well as HDPE city gas pipes that are subject to acid and alkali corrosion forces.

Polyethylene (PE) piping has found wide use in chemical processing, water transportation, and gas distribution applications because it is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and easy to join in the field. Common joining methods include electrofusion and butt fusion. The mechanical integrity of joints is highly dependent upon the installation parameters; including cleanliness of the pipe face, pipe end alignment, pressure applied during fusion, and temperature of the ends during fusion. Typical installation defects can include foreign debris in the weld, e.g. grass, grease, dirt; weak welds; and debonds. Many times, visual inspection of the weld will not detect these defects, and the cost of repairing a joint after it is placed in service is exorbitant. This has generated interest in developing a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method that can detect defects during installation. This paper reviews several NDE methods that have been applied to inspection of PE butt welds. Specially designed NDE equipment is also discussed. This overview paper addresses NDE techniques for inspection of butt welds in PE piping during installation. Several NDE approaches are evaluated for applicability to this inspection. Factors evaluated include time duration of test and ability to detect various defects.

Building Eco-Informatics: Examining the Dynamics of Eco-Feedback Design and Peer Networks to Achieve Sustainable Reductions in Energy Consumption Rishee K. Jain The built environment accounts for a substantial portion of energy consumption in the United States and in many parts of the world. Due to concerns over rising energy costs and climate change, researchers and practitioners have started exploring the area of eco-informatics to link information from the human, natural and built environments. Specifically, they have begun exploring the use of normative eco-feedback systems to encourage energy efficient behavior and reduce building energy consumption. A normative eco-feedback system provides building occupants with information regarding their own energy consumption and the energy consumption of others in their peer network. While such eco-feedback systems have been observed to drive significant reductions in energy consumption, little is known about the specific system and peer network dynamics that are driving observed reductions. Without this deeper understanding, researchers run the risk of designing eco-feedback systems with low efficacy and may therefore fail to capitalize on potential energy savings. The central aim of this dissertation is to investigate the impact eco-feedback system design and peer network dynamics have on occupant energy consumption behavior. To enable both energy consumption and network data collection, I developed a web-based of an eco-feedback system prototype for an 69 unit residential building in New York City and utilized the system in three empirical experiments. The first experiment was designed to ascertain the effect eco-feedback interface design components have on energy consumption behavior. Analysis of time stamped interface usage and energy consumption data revealed evidence that providing users with incentives and information on their historical consumption levels encourages conservation behavior. Results also suggested that penalizing users for using more energy is not effective in driving energy reductions and instead discourages user engagement. To further understand the effect eco-feedback system design has on energy consumption behavior, a second experiment was conducted using an email-based eco-feedback system. The aim of this study was to examine the role feedback representation plays in encouraging reductions in energy consumption. Participants were broken into two different study groups; one group was provided with feedback in kWh, while a second group was provided with feedback in the equivalent trees required to offset emissions associated with their kWh energy usage. Results revealed that users who received feedback in the form of equivalent trees were more likely to reduce their consumption and had a less dramatic response-relapse effect to feedback emails than their counterparts who received feedback in kWh. The third experiment aimed to characterize the impact peer networks have on modifying energy consumption behavior. Specifically, the experiment was designed to determine if social influence drives energy savings in eco-feedback systems. Analysis of user interaction and energy consumption data was conducted by developing an algorithmic approach based on stochastic and social network test procedures. Social influence was found to impact energy consumption behavior and results indicated the potential of utilizing social influence and peer networks as a means to encourage energy conservation. Overall, the research in this dissertation provides insight into what design elements of an ecofeedback system encourage energy conservation and the impact social influence has on consumption behavior. Results from this research have widespread implications for researchers and policy makers as they strive to design effective policies and systems that will result in sustained energy savings and pave our transition to a less carbon intensive society.

Towards the quantification of energy demand and consumption through the adaptive comfort approach in mixed mode office buildings considering climate change

The performance of Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) can be severely affected by the dynamics of underwater environment. A surface sink is usually deployed at a pre-specified location to maximize one or more performance metrics. However, when the network is dynamic, a redeployment of surface sink should be considered to reduce the effect of mobility on the network performance. Redeployment can be done periodically, at times based on a mobility prediction models, or adaptively based on performance degradation. Unnecessary redeployment can result from using the periodic or prediction based redeployment. In this paper we present an adaptive dynamic sink redeployment strategy that enforces redeployment only if a reduction in energy consumption is guaranteed. The redeployment decision is based on routing information collected at the surface sink throughout network operation. We use a location unaware routing protocol “adaptive power controlled routing protocol” as the underlying routing strategy. When the mobility of the network is not severe, nodes tend to use a fixed power level to communicate with neighboring nodes or surface sink. However, if more nodes are switching to use higher power levels for communication and the energy consumption is increased a sink redeployment procedure is started. Surface sink then triggers localization and finds the optimal new location of surface sink to minimize total energy consumption. Simulation results show that adaptive sink redeployment achieves a considerable reduction in energy consumption.

Judicious design solutions for zero energy school buildings in hot climates