Augmented Reality as a Catalyst for Innovation in the Ishihara Test for Color Blindness Detection

Color blindness test is one way to find out whether a person has color blindness or not, is usually done with the Ishihara method. This Ishihara method is a method where when running a test with this method, the patient is usually faced with a book containing a circle pattern (disk) with many points of various colors and sizes in it. The circle pattern is usually 14, 24 and 38 dishes. Tests like this are usually done in health agencies, one of which is the Cahaya Insani Clinic in Garut, West Java. The process of implementing a color-blind test is still done manually where people who want to do a color-blind test must come directly to the clinic, making people who did color-blind tests had to be willing to wait a long time to be able to do a color-blind test. In addition to these problems, the lack of knowledge and understanding of the community regarding color blindness, makes people less aware of the importance of color-blinding tests early on. Therefore, a media is needed that can do color blindness tests quickly and easily, coupled with information about color blindness that can provide insight to the community. Mobile based application Android is one of the right media to make it easy for people to obtain information. Starting from this, then made an Android-based color blindness test application to make it easier for people to do color blindness tests anytime and anywhere, and can used as a medium of information about color blindness.

Color blindness test is one way to find out whether a person has color blindness or not, is usually done with the Ishihara method. This Ishihara method is a method where when running a test with this method, the patient is usually faced with a book containing a circle pattern (disk) with many points of various colors and sizes in it. The circle pattern is usually 14, 24 and 38 dishes. Tests like this are usually done in health agencies, one of which is the Cahaya Insani Clinic in Garut, West Java. The process of implementing a color-blind test is still done manually where people who want to do a color-blind test must come directly to the clinic, making people who did color-blind tests had to be willing to wait a long time to be able to do a color-blind test. In addition to these problems, the lack of knowledge and understanding of the community regarding color blindness, makes people less aware of the importance of color-blinding tests early on. Therefore, a media is needed that can do color blindness tests quickly and easily, coupled with information about color blindness that can provide insight to the community. Mobile based application Android is one of the right media to make it easy for people to obtain information. Starting from this, then made an Android-based color blindness test application to make it easier for people to do color blindness tests anytime and anywhere, and can used as a medium of information about color blindness.

This research addresses the problem of color blindness testing at Puskesmas Rumbai which serves color blindness checks using printed books. The colors in the book became less clear as time went on. Therefore, this research makes a digital color blindness examination as part of the application for obtaining a certificate of health. The resulting application is named SIP SEHAT which stands for Aplikasi Pelayanan Surat Keterangan Kesehatan. This application was developed using prototyping method approach. There are 3 categories of users of this application, namely the registration section, doctor or nurse, and administration section. The registration section inputs the identity of the patient who will perform the examination. Meanwhile, doctors or nurses carry out examinations and medical examinations of patients who come. Color blindness test is one of the features found in doctors or nurses. Patients independently answer 24 Ishihara templates that appear on the application. Based on the answers from the patient, the application will display the color blindness test results, whether including total color blindness, partial color blindness, or not color blindness. The administration section prints a certificate of a patient who has performed an examination and gets a recapitulation of health examination reports per month. The application has been tested with 3 types of testing, namely accuracy testing, correctness testing, and usability testing. Based on these three tests, it can be concluded that this application is ready for use by the Puskesmas Rumbai to serve the processing of certificates of health. Based on service process analysis, this application makes the process of managing a health certificate making more efficient by 42.86%.

Color blind test system is needed in various needs such as the management of a driver's license, prospective students in Certain institutions, prospective employees or employees in government and private agencies. The development of a computer-based test system color blind color blind tests aims at activities that produce normal eye Conclusions on sealing, partial color blindness and total color blindness. The method used to complete this research is Ishihara, which was discovered by Dr. Shinobu Ishihara. For the construction of the Ishihara color-blind method of testing using the stages of analysis, design and implementation. The developed test system aims to be used as a color blind tests for the health test requirements as a requirement for prospective employees at PT JAVA GLOBAL FUTURES Medan. To build this color blind test system used MS-Visual Studio 2010 and the results were made using Crystal Report 2010. This research has produced a Color Blind Test System with the Ishihara roomates Computer Based Method is used for the color blind tests at PT JAVA GLOBAL FUTURES Medan. With the output in the form of computer screens and paper prints when using a printer connected to a computer in the form of a Health Certificate with test results in the form of a normal eye vision, color blindness partial or total color blindness.

Background: Health examinations can be carried out at government or private laboratories or free health education institutions. A person's blood pressure is influenced by several factors, such as changes in body position and physical activity. However, color often causes problems for sufferers both in daily activities and when sufferers want to pursue higher education or apply for certain types of work. The aim is to provide blood pressure checks and color blindness tests for new students at PTS X Palembang City in 2023. Method: research using quantitative methods with a Cross Sectional research design, carried out at the PTS X Laboratory, Palembang City on September 7 2023. The research population was 96 students and the research sample was 96 students using total sampling technique, data collection using checklist sheets and data analysis using univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: Based on the results obtained from 96 students at PTS Blood pressure examination results were abnormal 51.0%, normal 49.0%. The color blindness test results, which were 1.0% color blind, were 99.0% normal. From the majors, the Public Health major got 57.3%, ATLM 42.7%. There is a significant relationship between the color blindness test and gender (p value 0.003 and OR 0.900). There was no relationship between gender, PTS major and blood pressure. There is no relationship between major and color blindness test. Conclusion: Blood pressure checks and especially color blindness should be given early so as not to affect learning achievement, educational paths and future career development. Keywords : Health Checkup, Blood pressure, Color blindness

Color blindness is a general term for a condition or condition in which the quality of color vision is impaired. People with color blindness have difficulty distinguishing certain shades of color. Color blindness is also called Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) taking into account the prevalence of color blindness in Indonesia of 0.7% which is a cause of disability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) based color blindness test tool with the application of a question bank system using the Ishihara method which can help users check for color perception disorders which can be implemented by checking color blindness early on. In designing this IoT-based color blindness test tool, measurements were taken on 30 respondents to check the accuracy of the tool that has been designed. This color blindness test tool has an accuracy of 97%. This color blindness test tool functions to help users more easily carry out color blindness tests because it has an IoT base using the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller. This tool allows users to not be able to memorize questions like in the color blind test which uses a manual Ishihara book, because the question bank system in this tool involves randomizing the questions and the results can later be accessed via a web server.

Background: Color blindness is an inherited disorder in which a person cannot distinguish colors from each other. Color blind drivers are involved in car accident twice as much as others. According to the importance of identifying causes of a lot of car accidents in Iran and shortage of similar studies in this regards, this research was done to study the prevalence of color blindness in drivers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study all drivers (28009)- who referred to optometry unit of Samen-ol-Aeme Clinic of Kermanshah in 2005- 2008 - were examined by Ishihara Test. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics. Results: From 28009 drivers in this research just 784 individuals (2.88%) were diagnosed as color blind. The most types of color blindness were deuteranopia (55.4%), Red-Green (20.7%), and protanopia (14.2%) respectively. Also during 2005 and 2006 the prevalence of color blindness was 3.23%, in 2007 was 3.02% and in 2008 this prevalence decreased to 1.93%. Conclusion: The prevalence of color blindness in this study was lower than similar studies, but with regard to its relation with car accidents, it is suggested that authorities pay attention to screening of color blindness in drivers.

Dear Editor, Esthetics plays a vital role in achieving patient satisfaction in restorative and prosthetic dentistry. The demand of high esthetic outcomes is achieved through the production of an acceptable morphology and shade reproduction in a restoration.[12] Perception of color is a complex process, which depends on various factors, whereas the ability to match the shade of the required prosthesis to that of adjacent natural teeth is an important goal of restorative dental procedures.[345] Color blindness, in its congenital form, is the product of genetic mutations that affect expression of three types of cone cells present in eye that respond differently to light of different wavelengths. In its genetic form, color blindness is seen as a common vision disorder, especially, seen in males (gene defect arises on X chromosome within Xq28 band).[56] There is evidence to suggest that color vision is integral to a number of dental specialties, particularly, restorative and prosthetic dentistry.[7] The aim of this research was to evaluate prevalence of color blindness amongst dental professionals. Identifying and informing dental professionals with color blindness should, thus, allow the personnel to receive necessary support and training to pursue a successful career. The present research was conducted in a cross-sectional study design that included 198 dental professionals including faculty and students who were asked to fill questionnaire followed by which their color vision status was evaluated using Ishihara test. Six color plates were shown to each subject and subjects were asked to detect numbers in color plates and write them in questionnaire provided while positive results were re-assessed for probability of being false positive by advanced examination using 17 color plates. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The prevalence of color blindness in total sample studied was found to be around 3.54% while a general trend for increase in probability of color blindness was observed with increasing age. Also, prevalence was more in males than females and with record higher number of cases reported from faculty than students (P < 0.05) [Table 1].Table 1: Color vision status according to age group, gender and designation in total sampleVision is a psycho-physical phenomenon based on sensitivity of cone cells to wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are about 6–7 million cone cells in human eye which are mostly concentrated towards macula. These cells are less sensitive to light than rod cells, although allow perception of color. They are, also, able to perceive finer details and more rapid changes in images because their response times to stimuli are faster than rod cells.[8] Because human eye usually has three kinds of cone cells with different light receptive pigments or, proteins called photopsins with different response curves, human eye is said to have trichromatic vision. These three pigments vary in their composition due to genetic influences and thus, different individuals have cones with different color sensitivity.[910] Furthermore, since there are three types of cone cells responsible for spectral sensitivity for color perception, when a single type of color receptive cones are missing, it results in color blindness.[1011] The most commonly used tests for color vision deficiencies are the Ishihara and the Richmond HRR test.[12] Ishihara test was employed in the present research. The series of Ishihara color plates are designed to give a quick and accurate assessment of color vision deficiencies of congenital origin.[13] However, it must be noted that the ability to grade the severity of color vision defects is limited and results from such tests cannot yet be used as a basis for deciding on the severity of color vision defect.[1415] Numerous studies have shown that color vision defects are common amongst dental professionals including students and do affect their abilities.[3456] The findings of this research were found to be in close accordance with the study conducted by Moser et al.[3] who found 9.95% prevalence and Bamise et al.[4] who recorded 6.3% prevalence of color blindness in their studies with reported higher prevalence in males (8.4%) than in females (3.9%). Likewise, Barghi et al.[16] and Wasson and Schuman,[17] also, found similar prevalence in their studies with males being affected more than females signifying sex-linked nature of this condition analogous with the findings of present research. The present research, also, reported 3.54% prevalence of color blindness with record higher number of cases reported from males (9.26%) than females (1.39%) (P < 0.05). It is of interest to note that despite color perception plays an important role in dentistry, unfortunately, not many of the dental professionals are aware of this limitation.[12] The purpose of this research was to create awareness about this type of compromise in dental professionals while they were totally unaware of it. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

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Mercu Buana University is a private university which consists of seven faculties. At the Faculty of Design and Creative Arts, Faculty of Communication Sciences and Faculty of Engineering, additional requirements are required for new student candidates, i.e. a color blindness free certificate. Color blindness is a vision disorder caused by the inability of the eye cone cells to perceive a certain spectrum of colors. There are many ways to test someone's color blindness, one of which is by using the Ishihara method. To obtain a color blindness free certificate, prospective students must visit a clinic or hospital, carry out the applicable color blind test procedure, then bring the results to campus. Based on these problems, the research was conducted with the aim of making a color blind test application that can issue a recommendation letter based on the test results of prospective new students. The system development method uses System Development Life Cycle. The results of the study were an android-based color blind test application that was able to detect color blindness using the Ishihara method and issued a recommendation letter based on the test results of prospective new students in the on-time application.

Color blindness is X-linked recessive inherited disorder that occurs mostly in males and is transmitted through females. Many people with color blindness may remain undetected. Thus the present study aims to evaluate the incidence of color blindness among undergraduates of Kathmandu University. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 825 undergraduates, aged 17-25 years, from June to August 2018, in Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal. The Ishihara plates were used to evaluate the color vision of students under natural day light condition. Study revealed that 24 (2.9%) undergraduates were color blind which include 24 male (5%) and no female. Among the color blind, five (20.3%), three (12.5%), two (8.33%) and 14 (58.33%) males were the victims of deuteranomaly, deuteranopia, protanomalia and total color blindness respectively. Color blindness is prevalent among the Brahmin 10 (3.9%), followed by Chettri 10 (2.72%) and Newar 4 (2.24%). Prevalence of color blindness is found to be higher in males than females. Total color blindness is the most prevalent in our study. Screening enables the students to become aware of limitations and devise ways of overcoming them.

Objectives: To observe the prevalence of color vision disorder (CVD) in district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan from September 2023 to September 2024. Methodology: During this field work, samples of 555 (300 male and 255 female) individuals were collected from surrounding locations, i.e. Karak city, Metha khel, Landiwa, Thth-e-Nasrati, Gurguri, Latamber, Banda Dawood Shah and Shagi Banda. The data were collected via a predesigned questionnaire printed in Urdu and English, and the history of consanguinity of parents was also recorded. Results: We used Ishihara test, City University test (CUT) and Farnsworth D-15 to identify color blind people, revealed that 28 people (5.04%) were color blind. Out of these, 19(67.85%) were males and 9(32.14%) were females. Among these, 28 color blind individuals, 16(57.14%) were red-green color blind, 5 (17.855) were red color blind, 5 (17.85%) were green color blind and 2 (7.14%) were blue color blind. Furthermore, consanguinity of parents was recorded and interestingly all affected individual parents had consanguineous marriages. Two different types of pedigree analysis were recorded too. In the collected data, people aged between 18 to 60 years were present. Conclusion: We found a significant prevalence of CVD in males (6.3%) than in females (3.5%). The study is significant in that it reported the prevalence of color blindness for the first time in Southern KP, Pakistan. This study provides the foundational understanding of CVD and its prevalence in district Karak and a framework for further research and prevention strategies regarding CVD.

Colour blindness is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colours that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature but may also occur because of eye, nerve or brain damage or due to exposure to some chemicals. The most common type of colour vision deficiency is red-green colour blindness. Types of red-green colour blindness include pro-tanopia, deuteranopia, protanomalia and deuteranomalia which denote lack of ability to distin-guish between colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum in addition to abnormal diming, lack of ability to distinguish between colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spec-trum but without abnormal diming, less sensitivity to red and weakness in perception of green respectively. This study investigated the prevalence and impact of colour blindness on the study of science and on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) usage such as com-puter usage and internet browsing. The study participants were science students aged between fifteen and twenty-three whose courses such as Chemistry and Biology require identification, naming and matching of colours. The study was done using the Ishihara 24 plate edition which the participants examined and the numerals identified were recorded without more than three seconds delay. Questionnaires were administered to participants who tested positive for colour blindness. Out of 1194 male students sampled, 1.2% were colour blind. None of the 566 females included in the study was colour blind. Twelve (12) of the male participants were either deuter-anopes, strong deuteranomalous, mild protanomalous, mild deuteranomalous, protanopes or strong protanomalous while 2 students had other forms of red-green colour blindness that could not be classified with the Ishihara plates. The deutan type was the most common red-green defi-ciency in this study accounting for 64% of all types. There was no significant difference between prevalence of red-green colour blindness at the secondary and tertiary levels (p>0.05). Colour blind students who experienced difficulties in their studies such as difficulties in performing practicals and internet browsing that require them to identify, name or discriminate colours, managed these difficulties by employing the help of their mates. The results suggest that red-green colour vision deficiency may influence but does not prevent study of science, computer usage or internet browsing and that some red-green colour blind science students may need help.

This article background about the availability of ishihara book is very rare in rural areas because of its quite expensive price. Therefore, in this current research, the researcher uses the Google Form-based ishihara book method which is relatively new which can make it easier to do a color blindness test. The research design employs an analytical survey method with a cross sectionl multisite study approach. The samples are 178 active students in 8th semester in faculties on campus 1 UNG where they are determined by accidental sampling. The research findings show that the color blindness test using ishihara book and google form is carried out on 178 (100%) active students in 8th semester of the total samples, 174 (97,7%) do not experience color blindness whereas 4 student (2,3%) have partial green color blindness. In conclusion, the results of evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of google form towards the golden standard of ishihara book are 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity.

Because vision commonly is affected in persons with multiple sclerosis, it would be helpful to have a bedside test capable of identifying abnormalities that are not readily apparent. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the first 11 plates of Ishihara's Tests for color blindness (1995 concise edition) as compared to visual evoked potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis reporting normal vision. Forty-five multiple sclerosis patients and 42 controls, aged 25 to 44 years, were assessed. After examination of vision by a neurologist, Ishihara's Tests for color blindness and visual evoked potential tests were administered under conditions similar to those encountered in a neurologic practice. The specificity for each test was defined by the responses of the control population. In differentiating individuals with multiple sclerosis from controls, Ishihara's Tests for color blindness was as sensitive (62%; 28/45) and specific (100%; 42/42) as visual evoked potentials (sensitivity = 58%, 26/45; specificity = 98%, 41/42). Ishihara's Tests for color blindness identified a different population of patients and probably measured a different aspect of visual function than did visual evoked potentials. Ishihara's Tests for color blindness appeared more likely to identify patients with a long disease duration, while visual evoked potentials better identified patients with a history of optic neuritis. Ishihara's Tests for color blindness may be a simple and cost-effective adjunct for detecting and following the visual abnormalities of patients with multiple sclerosis.