Abstract
Abstract: Tadpoles are able to perceive and discriminate signals from environment and they may use this ability in behaviors and ecological processes. Recognition mechanisms may be involved in schooling by means of attraction among individuals, characterizing a social process. By means of laboratory experiments the present study investigated the presence or absence of attraction to conspecifics in tadpoles of Rhinella icterica and R. ornata, two sympatric species from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We collected eggs of these two species in the field and reared them in laboratory according to two different methods (isolated or in groups of siblings). Tadpoles were submitted to experiments of choice between conspecifics, heterospecifics, and an empty compartment. Rhinella icterica tadpoles preferred to associate with conspecifics rather than R. ornata tadpoles, and we verified this is an innate behavior. Rhinella ornata tadpoles failed to discriminate between conspecifics and R. icterica tadpoles. When submitted to choice between a group of tadpoles of the other species and an empty compartment, R. icterica tadpoles presented random distribution, while R. ornata tadpoles preferred to associate with heterospecifics. Our results indicate R. icterica tadpoles have preference to associate with conspecifics, while R. ornata tadpoles may school indiscriminately. This study contributes for a better understanding of larval anuran social behavior.
Highlights
Rhinella icterica tadpoles demonstrated a strong attraction to conspecifics
This result suggests that these tadpoles possess the ability to discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics
N= 25 P< 0.001 that this attraction behavior is innate, since tadpoles reared in isolation, from the embryonic stage, demonstrated preference to associate with conspecific tadpoles
Summary
Recognition mechanisms (of relatives, conspecifics, mates, neighbours, rivals, prey or predators) are essential for survival, reproduction and social interactions between organisms (Sherman et al 1997). Due to vulnerability to predators at this stage, some species have developed strategies such as metamorphosis synchronization and aggregation (Pulliam & Caraco 1984; Hews, 1988). In this case, spatial aggregation may be based primarily on conspecific attraction rather than mediated by environmental factors (Graves et al 1993).
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