Attractant and repellent properties of Senna didymobotrya plant extracts to Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

BackgroundAlpinia pahangensis, a wild ginger distributed in the lowlands of Pahang, Malaysia, is used by the locals to treat flatulence. In this study, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the crude aqueous methanol and fractionated extracts of Alpinia pahangensis against five different cancer and one normal cell lines were investigated. The total phenolic content of each extract and its fractions were also quantified. This is the first report on the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Alpinia pahangensis extract.MethodsIn the current study, the crude methanol and fractionated extract of the rhizomes of Alpinia pahangensis were investigated for their antioxidant activity using four different assays namely, the DPPH scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging, β-carotene bleaching and reducing power assays whilst their phenolic contents were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu’s method.In vitro neutral red cytotoxicity assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity against five different cancer cell lines, colon cancer (HCT 116 and HT-29), cervical cancer (Ca Ski), breast cancer (MCF7) and lung cancer (A549) cell lines, and one normal cell line (MRC-5). The extract that showed high cytotoxic activity was further investigated for its chemical constituents by GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis.ResultsThe ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging (0.35 ± 0.094 mg/ml) and SOD activities (51.77 ± 4.9%) whilst the methanol extract showed the highest reducing power and also the strongest antioxidant activity in the β-carotene bleaching assays in comparison to other fractions. The highest phenolic content was found in the ethyl acetate fraction, followed by the crude methanol extract, hexane and water fractions. The results showed a positive correlation between total phenolic content with DPPH radical scavenging capacities and SOD activities. The hexane fraction showed potent cytotoxic effect against KB, Ca Ski and HCT 116 cell lines with IC50 of 5.8 ± 0.1 and 9.1 ± 2.0 ug/ml, respectively. The major components of hexane fraction analysed by GC-MS analysis were mostly methyl esters.ConclusionsThe current study suggests that the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of A. pahangensis is a potential source of natural antioxidant for protective as well as prevention of life-threatening diseases. The hexane fraction of A. pahangensis may have the potential to be developed into therapeutic option for treating cancer.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and cell cycle effect of four fractions obtained from the whole aerial part of Solanum nigrum, against three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, A2780, and HT29) and one normal cell line (MRC-5). Materials and Methods: MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the four fractions. Then, the most active fraction (ethyl acetate) was further examined by annexin V propidium iodide (PI)/FITC apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis in MCF7 cells followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The highest growth inhibition activity was obtained by the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 10–12 µg/ml) against the three cell lines and that fraction spared the normal cell line MRC5 with IC50 of 31.78 µg/ml. Annexin V PI/FITC revealed a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in MCF7 cells when treated the ethyl acetate fraction; which also caused a non-dose dependent S phase arrest. The GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed fatty acids and esters of fatty acids as the significant components. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction from S. nigrum strongly inhibited the growth of breast, ovarian, and colon cancer cell lines, and it was three folds selective against the normal fibroblasts. It also caused the induction of early apoptosis and S phase cell cycle block at 10 µg/mL. Future bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction could reveal the active compounds, which can be more investigated in further studies.

Evaluation of antioxidant ability of ethanolic extract from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) flower

Objectives The anti-nutritional composition and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) were carried out. Methods The anti-nutritional factors and GC-MS were analysed using standard methods. Key findings The anti-nutritional constituents of the samples were in the order of phenols > terpenoids > flavonoids > tannins > glycosides > alkaloids > hydrogen cyanide > saponins > steroids. The phytochemicals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in extract than fractions, the terpenoids value obtained as 1904.72 mg/100 g from ethanol extract is significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the values of 935.80 mg/100 g and 968.92 mg/100 g gotten from it ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) for the ethyl acetate 0.74 mg/100 g and methanol 0.79 mg/100 g fractions of steroids. However, the methanol fraction of tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins and hydrogen cyanide were significantly higher than its ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion Chromatogram of GC-MS analysis of the samples of SJ showed 49, 43 and 24 peaks for crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the crude ethanol root extract and fractions as shown in Tables 2–4 contain hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid and nonanoic acid methyl ester. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of SJ contain 16.9 and 10.1% of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (8-methylnonyl) ester, respectively.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of essential oils and extracts of Stachys schtschegleevii plant as biological macromolecules.

In the present study, hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of Amomum nilgiricum leaf was evaluated for antidiabetic efficacy through in vitro ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase assays, DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activities, followed by estimation of total phenol, total flavonoids and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In the present study, a significant amounts of total phenolics (79.92±1.58 mg/g) and flavonoids (21.74± 0.89 mg/g) were showed from Ethyl acetae faction. Ethyl acetate fraction showed maximum inhibition of DPPH radicals (82.31±2.33%) with IC50 value of 52 µg/ml and H2O2 scavenging activity (97.62±2.89%) with IC50 value of 78.57 µg/ml concentrations. The ethyl acetate fraction was revealed maximum ?-amylase inhibition (77.23± 3.21%) with IC50 value 76.53 µg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction recorded maximum ?-glucosidase inhibition (85.36±2.58%) with IC50 value 79.54 µg/ml. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum inhibitory activity of glucose movement into outer solution across dialysis membrane at 250 µg/ml as compared to the control. The ethyl acetate fraction revealed maximum insulin secretory activity (130.5±3.66%) in RIN-m5F cells. Methanol fraction recorded maximum glucose uptake percent in yeast cells (67.08±1.68%) when compared to standard metronidazole (68.06±0.73%). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate fraction was recorded the presence of six phytochemical constituents. This study scientifically validates the antidiabetic activity of A. nilgiricum. Hence, in view of its comparative hypoglycemic strength, it can work as a valuable healing agent in treating diabetes.

Apoptosis-inducing anti-proliferative and quantitative phytochemical profiling with in silico study of antioxidant-rich Leea aequata L. leaves

Antimicrobial potential, GCMS analysis and molecular docking studies of Coelogyne suaveolens extracts: Identification of bioactive compounds with mechanism of action

Verbena officinalis L. is a traditionally important medicinal herb that has a rich source of bioactive phytoconstituents with biological benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the metabolic profile and in vitro biological potential of V. officinalis. The bioactive phytoconstituents were evaluated by preliminary phytochemical studies, estimation of polyphenolic contents, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of all fractions (crude methanolic, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) of V. officinalis. The biological investigation was performed by different assays including antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP), enzyme inhibition assays (urease and α-glucosidase), and hemolytic activity. The ethyl acetate extract had the maximum concentration of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (394.30 ± 1.09 mg GAE·g−1 DE and 137.35 ± 0.94 mg QE·g−1 DE, respectively). Significant antioxidant potential was observed in all fractions by all four antioxidant methods. Maximum urease inhibitory activity in terms of IC50 value was shown by ethyl acetate fraction (10 ± 1.60 µg mL−1) in comparison to standard hydroxy urea (9.8 ± 1.20 µg·mL−1). The n-hexane extract showed good α-glucosidase inhibitory efficacy (420 ± 20 µg·mL−1) as compared to other extract/fractions. Minimum hemolytic activity was found in crude methanolic fraction (6.5 ± 0.94%) in comparison to positive standard Triton X-100 (93.5 ± 0.48%). The GC-MS analysis of all extract/fractions of V. officinalis including crude methanolic, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions, resulted in the identification of 24, 56, 25, and 9 bioactive compounds, respectively, with 80% quality index. Furthermore, the bioactive compounds identified by GC-MS were analyzed using in silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between ligands and enzymes (urease and α-glucosidase). In conclusion, V. officinalis possesses multiple therapeutical potentials, and further research is needed to explore its use in the treatment of chronic diseases.

Lipid peroxidation of human heptoma cell line, HepG2, after incorporation of linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was measured with a fluorescent probe and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The analysis with a fluorescent probe showed that incorporation of each polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enhanced the cellular lipid peroxidation level, but there was little difference in the effect of LA, AA, or DHA on the enhancement of cellular lipid peroxidation. The fluorescent analysis also showed that the addition of H(2)O(2) (0.5 mM) enhanced the cellular lipid peroxidation levels in LA and AA supplemented cells as compared with those without H(2)O(2). However, the enhancement of lipid peroxidation by H(2)O(2) was not observed in DHA-supplemented cells. The same result was obtained in the GC-MS analysis of total amounts of monohydroperoxides (MHP) formed in the cellular phospholipid oxidation. In this case, the main source for MHP was LA in LA-, AA-, and DHA-supplemented cells. A significant amount of AA-MHP and a small amount of DHA-MHP were observed in AA- and DHA-supplemented cells respectively. GC-MS analysis also indicated the specific positional distribution of DHA-MHP isomers. The isomers were formed only by hydrogen abstraction at the C-18 (16-MHP + 20-MHP; 46.5%), C-6 (4-MHP + 8-MHP; 38.5%), and C-12 (10-MHP + 14-MHP; 15.1%) positions, but not at the C-9 or C-15 positions.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is normally used for direct analysis of chemical components existing in herbal medicines. The medicinal plants are having numerous bioactive components which are identified even at less than 1ng by using GC-MS or LC-MS analysis. The aim of this study is to identify the secondary metabolites present in the leaves of B. tomentosa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In the present study the ethanol extract of the leaves of Bauhinia tomentosa has been subjected to GC-MS analysis, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 14 secondary metabolites. These compounds were identified by comparing their retention times and peak areas with those from the literature and by interpretation of the mass spectra. The major secondary metabolites were DL-.alpha.-tocopherol (14.84%), 2-[(trimethylsilyl oxy]-, methyl ester, 1-alpha,2-alpha.-epoxy-1-beta-methylcholesta-4,6-dien-3-one (12.93%), pentacosenoic acid (12.71%), phytol (10.28%), Ethyl Isoallocholate (8.197%), Spirost-8-en-11-one-3-hydroxy-,(3-beta,5 alpha,14 beta,20 beta, 22 beta,25R)-(8.162%), Urs-12-en-28-ol (6.675%), 1-Octadecyne (5.702%) and Cholest-8-en-3-beta-ol,Acetate (5.426%). The compounds having area less that 5% were considered of no significance. These findings suggest that the presence of these secondary metabolites may be the cause for the properties exhibited by Bauhinia tomentosa. Thus, presence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of the leaf for various ailments by traditional practitioners.

Objective: The aim of this study is to screen the medicinal compounds present in the leaves, shoots, and flowers of Adhatoda vasica by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Methods: Plant leaves, shoots, and flowers were collected, washed, shade dried, and powdered. Methanol extracts of all plant parts were prepared by soxhlation method. All the plant part extracts were analyzed for the identification of phytocompounds present in plant parts using GC-MS and matched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology library.Results: A wide range of fatty acids and the heterocyclic compound was identified which is responsible for antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimycotic activity.Conclusion: The study concludes that A. vasica have many important important biologically compounds so it can be recommended as a plant of pharmaceutical importance.

The plants of the Erythrina genus possess tremendous pharmacological properties and thus are utilized in traditional medicines owing to their bioactivities. In the present study, methanolic extract (EsM) of flowers of Erythrina suberosa Roxb. and its fractions (n-hexane (EsH), chloroform (EsC) and aqueous (EsW) parts) were tested for preliminary phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and urease inhibition activities. The EsM extract was found to be most active for antioxidant activity, whereas the EsH extract showed the highest anti-urease potential with an inhibition value of 62.9 % (at a concentration of 100 µg/ml), while the other extracts were least active. The EsH extract being most active against urease enzyme, was further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which revealed the tentative presence of 18 secondary metabolites of various classes. Furthermore, the in-silico studies of the major compounds as detected in EsH extract by GC-MS analysis were performed to correlate the potential interaction of compounds with the active site of the enzyme. The selected compounds were docked against the urease enzyme, and their affinities were compared. Binding affinity data and interaction patterns of all the studied phytochemicals indicated that these compounds could inhibit urease enzyme synergistically and can be further studied to prevent ulcer and related problems. It is, therefore concluded that E. suberosa flowers possess interesting antioxidant and anti-urease potential and thus could further be adopted for industrial and biopharmaceutical applications.

BackgroundCurrent prostate cancer treatments are associated with life-threatening side effects, prompting the search for effective and safer alternatives. Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. ex Engl. has previously shown anticancer activity in lung and liver cancer cell lines. This study investigated its potential for prostate cancer.MethodsA crude extract of A. pluriseta root was prepared using dichloromethane/methanol (1:1 v/v) and partitioned into hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. The MTT assay was used to assess the antiproliferative activity of the fractions. The active fractions were tested at 6.25–200 µg/ml on human prostate cancer DU-145 cells and non-cancerous Vero E6 cells. Qualitative phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were conducted to identify chemical compounds. Network pharmacology was employed to predict molecular targets and modes of action of the identified chemical compounds, with subsequent validation through molecular docking and real-time PCR.ResultsActive extracts included crude dichloromethane/methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions, inhibiting DU-145 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 16.94, 20.06, and 24.14 µg/ml, respectively. Selectivity indices were determined to be 6.04 (crude), 3.62 (hexane), and 6.68 (ethyl acetate). Identified phytochemicals comprised phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins. GC-MS analysis revealed seventy-nine (79) compounds, with seven (7) meeting ideal drug candidate parameters; their hub gene targets included MAPK3, MAPK1, IL6, TP53, ESR1, PTGS2, MMP9, MDM2, AR, and MAP2K1, implicating regulation of PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53 signaling pathways as potential modes of action. Core compounds such as 1-heneicosanol, lanosterol, andrographolide, and retinoic acid exhibited strong binding activities, particularly lanosterol with MAPK21 (-9.7 kcal/mol), ESR1 (-8.9 kcal/mol), and MAPK3 (-8.8 kcal/mol). Treatment with A. pluriseta downregulated AR expression and upregulated p53, while also downregulating CDK1 and BCL-2 and upregulating caspase-3.ConclusionsA. pluriseta extracts inhibited DU-145 cell growth without causing cellular toxicity, suggesting great potential for development as an anti-prostate cancer agent. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are recommended.

Persicaria bistorta is a perennial herb used traditionally in treating various ailments, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding. In this study, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify the chemical composition of Persicaria bistorta. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Among those, the most important from medicinal points of view are ethyl oleate (3%), cyclotetradecane (4.74%), dodecanoic acid (4.69%), hexadecanoic acid (5.61%), tetradecane (5.25%), cis-13-octadecenoic acid (10.91%), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (32%). The GC-MS analysis of ethanolic fraction of Persicaria bistorta involved in antibacterial activity showed about 18 compounds. Among those, the most important from a medicinal and nutritional point of view are bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (42.20%), 6-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, (Z)- (10.37%), ethyl oleate (6.84%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (6.67%), and methyl ester and oleic acid (5.27%). Reported biological antibacterial activity has shown that the main compound determined in both extracts was bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, which has higher peak area percentage in ethanolic extract than in ethyl acetate fraction. Some oily compounds important for health because of their cis-conformation were also revealed in the given study like ethyl oleate and oleic acid. Overall, results suggest that Persicaria bistorta may have therapeutic potential and warrant further investigation. Further research is needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of Persicaria bistorta as a natural medicine and determine its active compounds' mechanisms of action.