Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis for detection and quantification of adulteration in lavender and citronella essential oils

Abstract

The growing consumer interest in "naturals" led to an increased application of essential oils (EOs). The market outbreak induced the intensification of EO adulterations, which could affect their quality. Nowadays, little is known about the illegal practice of adulteration of EOs with vegetable oils. Therefore, the application of mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics was proposed for the detection of EO counterfeits. Two EOs, three seed oils, and their mixtures were selected to build the adulteration model. EO-adulterant mixtures for model calibration and validation were analyzed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The spectral data were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression. PCA allowed the discrimination of the EO and adulterant percentages by explaining 97.47% of the total spectral variance with two principal components. A PLS regression model was generated with three factors explaining 97.73% and 99.69% of the total variance in X and Y, respectively. The root mean square error of calibration and the root mean square error of cross-validation were 0.918 and 1.049, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction value obtained from the external validation set was 1.588 and the coefficients of determination R2 CAL and R2 CV were 0.997 and 0.996, respectively. The results highlighted the robustness of the developed method in quantifying counterfeits in the range from 0 to 50% of adulterants, disregarding the type of EO and adulterant employed. The present work offers a research advance and makes an important impact in phytochemistry, revealing an easily applicable method for EO quality assessment.