Abstract

Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) are currently evolving in the form of a cooperative ITS or connected vehicles. Both forms use the data communications between Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I/I2V) and other on-road entities, and are accelerating the adoption of self-driving cars. The development of cyber-physical systems containing advanced sensors, sub-systems, and smart driving assistance applications over the past decade is equipping unmanned aerial and road vehicles with autonomous decision-making capabilities. The level of autonomy depends upon the make-up and degree of sensor sophistication and the vehicle's operational applications. As a result, self-driving cars are being compromised perceived as a serious threat. Therefore, analyzing the threats and attacks on self-driving cars and ITSs, and their corresponding countermeasures to reduce those threats and attacks are needed. For this reason, some survey papers compiling potential attacks on VANETs, ITSs and self-driving cars, and their detection mechanisms are available in the current literature. However, up to our knowledge, they have not covered the real attacks already happened in self-driving cars. To bridge this research gap, in this paper, we analyze the attacks that already targeted self-driving cars and extensively present potential cyber-attacks and their impacts on those cars along with their vulnerabilities. For recently reported attacks, we describe the possible mitigation strategies taken by the manufacturers and governments. This survey includes recent works on how a self-driving car can ensure resilient operation even under ongoing cyber-attack. We also provide further research directions to improve the security issues associated with self-driving cars.

Highlights

  • Self-driving cars are regarded as the revolutionary technological advancement in the transport sector globally

  • This paper presents the mitigation approaches adopted by the manufacturers after having those cyberattacks

  • Because of the high-security threat expected for autonomous vehicles, a number of attacks on self-driving cars have already been reported in the recent literature

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Self-driving cars are regarded as the revolutionary technological advancement in the transport sector globally. Many Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) have integrated the various technological advancements to make the self-driving cars become a reality, which will offer improved efficiency as well as safe means of transport [1]. The technology world comes with risks and threats, especially the attacks from viruses, bugs, and hackers can be malicious This is why self-driving cars have advanced data encryption and protection to enhance their reliability, accuracy, and other aspects. Through VANET, any observation by an ITS unit (a car, RSU or IoT sensors) can be propagated to other vehicles, which leads to creation of interesting applications of ITS systems such as traffic management and road safety. Road security application setups have been integrated using the information technology systems This minimizes accidents and cars getting congested and stuck in traffic, especially during hours of leaving work towns to get congested. The ITS Safety specifications and architecture are described in the section below

ITS SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND ARCHITECTURE
OTHER POSSIBLE ATTACKS ON ITS AND COUNTERMEASURES
ATTACKS ON AVAILABILITY AND COUNTERMEASURES
CONCLUSION

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