Abstract
Atmospheric emissions from vessels at 38 Pacific and Gulf-Caribbean Mexican ports were determined for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and carbon dioxide. The emissions have been estimated using a bottom-up methodology in the maneuver and hoteling phases, by vessel type, from 2005 to 2020. Maritime traffic in Mexico’s Pacific zone contributes approximately with 60% of the country’s total ship emissions, with the remaining 40% in Gulf-Caribbean ports. The highest atmospheric emissions were found at the Manzanillo and Lázaro Cárdenas ports on the Pacific coast, as well as the Altamira and Veracruz ports on the Gulf-Caribbean coast. The contribution of the atmospheric emissions by vessel type at Pacific ports was Container 67%, Bulk Carrier 32%, Tanker 0.8%, and RoRo 0.4%. For Gulf-Caribbean ports it was Container 76%, Bulk Carrier 19%, Tanker 3%, and RoRo 2%. This study incorporates the International Maritime Organization implementations on reductions of sulfur content in marine fuel, from 4.5% mass by mass from 2005 to 2011, to 3.5% from 2012 to 2019, to 0.5% beginning in 2020. Overall, sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 89%.
Highlights
The agreement caused a significant reduction in sulfur oxides (SOx ) and nitrogen oxides (NOx ) emissions from marine engines [1]
The main objective of our study was to identify the temporal variability of atmospheric emissions due to the movement of ships since 2005 considering the implementations and regulations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) respect to the change of the sulfur content in marine fuel, that is, in accordance with the IMO in its MARPOL Agreement, Annex VI, SO2 emissions by vessel corresponding to a progression of sulfur contents of 4.5%, 3.5%, and 0.5% m/m, from 2005 to 2020
Port System in Mexico In Mexico, maritime activity is very important because exports have increased in recent years, and a third of the merchandise that moves from Mexico is by sea
Summary
Few studies have addressed the issue of atmospheric pollution emissions from port activities in Mexico. Fuentes et al [10] determined the level of atmospheric emissions for main pollutants due to the movement of ships in maneuver and hoteling positions using the bottom-up method, this is the first study carried out in Mexico to characterize one of the most important ports located in the Gulf of México, port of Veracruz. The most important pollutants emitted by ships are CO2 , NOx , SOx , CO, hydrocarbons (HC), and PM. These are harmful air pollutants that impact air quality, human health, and climate on local, regional, and global scales. Mexico is currently updating its National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas and Compound Emissions, as part of its commitment to the United Nations Framework
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