Atherogenic risk in normal-weight workers: Associations with sociodemographic and healthy lifestyle factors using lipid-based indexes.

Associations between ideal cardiovascular health metrics and lipoprotein subclasses and atherogenic indices: A cross-sectional study of middle-to older-aged adults.

Background The lipid profile and atherogenic risk indices in Nigerian breast cancer patients are largely unknown. This study evaluated the lipid profile and atherogenic risk indices of breast cancer patients in Nigeria. Methods This study involved 45 primarily diagnosed breast cancer patients and 50 normal control subjects. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated according to Friedewald formula. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Atherogenic coefficient (AC), TC/HDL-C (Castelli I) and LDL-C/HDL-C (Castelli II) risk indices were all calculated. The Framingham risk assessment was calculated and categorized. Results The study group had significantly higher triglycerides (TG), and atherogenic indices than the control group (p < 0.001), while HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in the study group (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) had a significant positive correlation with age (r = 0.283, p < 0.018; r = 0.272, p < 0.023); TG was significantly positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.320. p < 0.007; r = 0.334, p < 0.005); HDL-C had a significant negative correlation with BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = −0.252, p < 0.035; r = −0.29, p < 0.015; r = −0.329, p < 0.005). The lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C) were significantly positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The Framingham Risk Score showed that only 2 subjects in the study group (4.4%) were at a high risk of having a cardiovascular event. Conclusion Breast cancer patients have a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular risk than the normal population.

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism can be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) dysfunction to obesity. The aim of the study is to show possible changes in lipid metabolism with atherogenic indices in obese patients after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery. Thirty patients who had SG surgery for obesity were included in the prospective study. The atherogenic risk indices were calculated pre-operatively, at 3 and 6 months post-operatively. Furthermore, serum paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1), and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) levels, amount of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) was measured. We observed improvement in atherogenic risk indices and improved HDL-C functionality after SG. Increases were observed in HDL-C and HDL-C-related Apo-A1 levels 6 months after obesity surgery. Besides, the amount of serum triglycerides (TGs), PON-1 activity, and atherogenic risk indices decreased significantly within 6 months. As far as we know, there is no study in the literature examining the dynamic changes in SG and PON-1, PAF-AH, Apo-A1, and Ox-LDL parameters. This preliminary study dynamically detected improvement in HDL-C function and reduction in atherogenic risk indices after SG.

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Type 2 diabetic women are at higher risk of developing atherogenic dyslipidemia. The major possible risk factors are obesity, abdominal fat accumulation and poor glycaemic control. However, menopause-related changes could be another determinant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interrelationships of these risk factors and their independent effects on atherogenic indices in type 2 diabetes women&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;A prospective, cross-sectional study, which includes 160 women agreed to participate in this study. Anthropometrics, biochemical parameters and blood pressure were measured. Atherogenic indices - total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL) and apolipoprotein (apo) B-to-apo A1 ratio, were calculated. Individual risk factors were examined in relationship to these atherogenic indices using correlation tests and logistic regression&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;23.12% of the participants were normal weight and 76.87% were overweight/obese. The overall mean age was 57.70±11.16 years. Diabetes duration (˃5years), anthropometric parameters, poor glycaemic control, high apo B and high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were found to be significant determinants of atherogenic indices changes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The TC/HDL ratio was weakly associated with both BMI and waist circumference. However, the apo B/apo A1 ratio provided positive correlations with anthropometric parameters, especially with waist circumference (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;=0.185, r=0.108, r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.012), and this, in both pre and post-menopausal type 2 diabetic women&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The atherogenic risk, estimated by TC/HDL and apo B/apo A1 ratios, becomes more severe with higher anthropometric parameters (BMI and waist circumference), diabetes duration and poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes women and this during both premenopausal and postmenopausal periods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin on classical lipid parameters—including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG)—as well as on atherogenic risk indices, including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II), atherogenic coefficient (AC), and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), in patients with heart failure and a history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively evaluate these parameters in this high-risk population. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 484 patients with preserved ejection fraction heart failure and prior CABG who were treated with sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Patients were allocated to empagliflozin (n = 201) or dapagliflozin (n = 283) groups. All patients were receiving statin therapy. Lipid parameters and atherogenic indices were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results: Both empagliflozin and dapagliflozin significantly reduced TC and LDL-C at 12 weeks (p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in HDL-C or TG. Both agents produced significant improvements in CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, and TyG index (all p < 0.001), while AIP remained unchanged. Dapagliflozin achieved a greater reduction in TC (p = 0.044). Conclusions: This study represents the first direct comparison of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin on lipid profiles and atherogenic indices in patients with heart failure and prior CABG. Both agents significantly improved TC, LDL-C, and atherogenic indices. Dapagliflozin achieved a greater reduction in TC compared with empagliflozin, but overall both drugs demonstrated favorable and largely comparable effects. Beyond improvements in absolute values, both agents also contributed to favorable shifts in risk categories of lipid-derived indices. These findings suggest that clinical decision-making between empagliflozin and dapagliflozin may rely on factors other than lipid modulation. Larger multicenter prospective trials are warranted to confirm these results and clarify their long-term cardiovascular implications.

Prediabetes is associated with metabolic disturbances that significantly increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Probiotics and synbiotics may improve metabolic health, but their impact on CVD risk factors in prediabetic adults needs further evaluation. This meta-analysis evaluates the effects of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with prediabetes. An extensive search of scientific databases was conducted from inception through February 2025 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). After screening, data were extracted. A random-effects model was used to compute pooled weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), accounting for study heterogeneity. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata. The pooled analysis of seven RCTs revealed that probiotics and synbiotics supplementation in prediabetic adults had no significant changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: -2.15mg/dL, p = 0.135), fasting insulin (FI) (WMD: -0.43 µIU/mL, p = 0.526), Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.31, p = 0.090), triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -5.53mg/dL, p = 0.614), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -1.92mg/dL, p = 0.730), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: 1.39mg/dL, p = 0.542), systolic blood pressure (BP) (WMD: -2.24 mmHg, p = 0.480), diastolic BP (WMD: -1.10 mmHg, p = 0.260), body weight (WMD: 0.30kg, p = 0.861), and body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -0.20kg/m², p = 0.510). In contrast, a significant improvement was noted in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (WMD: -0.16, p < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: 1.63mg/dL, p = 0.020). Probiotics and synbiotics show the potential to improve specific cardiovascular risk factors in prediabetic individuals, notably through reductions in HbA1c and an increase in HDL-C levels. However, their effects on other metabolic markers, such as FBG, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and weight, remain inconclusive. Further high-quality trials are necessary to fully assess their impact on cardiovascular risks and diabetes progression in this population. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01700-x.

Background. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with gastrointestinal diseases depending on the body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods. Forty patients with digestive disorders were examined, 13 women (32.5%) and 27 men (67.5%) whose median age was 37 (24; 51) years. The patients were divided into 3 groups: I— 20 people with BMI exceeding the norm; II— 11 patients with a BMI below the norm; III— 9 patients with normal BMI. The control group for evaluating the results of laboratory tests consisted of 15 practically healthy people. Total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), glucose and insulin serum levels were evaluated. The atherogenic index (AI) and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 6.1 software package. Results. In patients with digestive diseases who had an increased BMI, the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia was detected, as indicated by a probable decrease in serum content of HDL-C by 1.7 times (p=0.003) and an increase in TG by 1.9 times (p=0.002), VLDL-C by 1.4 times (p=0.05), AI by 2 times (p=0.03) compared to the controls. No significant signs of the development of atherosclerotic processes were found in patients with reduced and normal BMI. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were observed in 47.5% of patients with gastrointestinal diseases, and HOMA-IR in patients with increased BMI was 2.9 times higher (p&lt;0.05) compared to those with reduced BMI and 2.5 times (p&lt;0.05) higher— with normal BMI. It was found that an increase in BMI is associated with an increase in serum TG (r=0.381; p=0.017), LDL-С (r=0.383; p=0.016), AI (r=0.566; p&lt;0.001), insulin (r=0.651; p=0.0001) and HOMA-IR (r=0.681; p=0.0001), as well as that BMI is negatively correlated with the content of HDL-С (r=–0.448; p=0.004). At the same time, an inverse correlation was found between HOMA-IR and the level of HDL-С (r= –0.389; p=0.016), and a direct relationship between the index of insulin resistance and AI (r=0.437; p=0.006). Conclusions. The revealed correlations confirm the hypothesis of the BMI influence on the development of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. This substantiates the expediency of including bioimpedance measurements into the algorithm for predicting metabolic disorders in this category of patients.

Prior epidemiological studies and comparative analyses of correlations between abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia have been limited to obese participants but few data are available for the non-obese adults of this study population. This study examined the associations between atherogenic and obesity indices among non-obese adults of Samaru, a suburb of Zaria in Kaduna state, Nigeria. The study protocol was duly approved by the Ethical committee of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria. This cross sectional study examined a total of 174 non obese adults, 35 to 70 years of age (male, 91; female, 83) who were randomly selected for the study. All subjects were normotensive and not on any lipid lowering medications. Normal-weight body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and overweight BMI ≤ 27 kg/m2 was considered in the study. Descriptive statistics and Partial correlation were used to determine the relationship between atherogenic and obesity indices, after controlling for age. Results showed significant (p ≤0.05) relationships between Log (TG/HDL) and waist-hip ratio (0.0001*) as well as waist-height ratio (0.003*), waist circumference (0.013*) and body mass index (BMI) (0.041*) in males but not in females. Waist-hip ratio was the most important and consistent index of adiposity that associated with the atherogenic index [Log (TG/HDL)] in male and no relationship was shown in female non obese adult group. This could be an indication that the distribution of fat deposits in non- obese men may be a better predictor of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic abnormalities and frequent macrovascular complications than the degree of obesity alone and might be at higher risk than women. The strong correlations of Log (TG/HDL) with abdominal fatness compared to other atherogenic indices that is, (TC/HDL and LDL/HDL) in this study has confirmed the statistical reliability of Log (TG/HDL) as a tool in the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors among non- obese adults. Key words: Non-obese adults, atherogenic index, waist-hip ratio, Zaria.

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality; however, the association of this variable with a wide range of personal and psychological variables has not been researched. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare lipid levels and anthropometric measures between sexes and to determine the association between personal and psychological variables with the atherogenic risk index (ARI). An adult population which auto-reported as healthy was invited to participate via social media and in person. They filled out a questionnaire with personal and psychological variables; in addition, the body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured, and a blood sample was obtained to determine serum lipids. A total of 172 participants were included, from which 92 (53.49%) were women; both sexes were comparable in age and most sociodemographic values. Men showed significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ARI, and lower levels of HDL cholesterol. The men also showed higher values of WHR than the women. In the bivariate analysis, ARI showed the highest correlation with WHR (r = 0.664) in the men and with BMI (r = 0.619) in the women. In the multivariate analysis, the quality of food intake was negatively correlated with ARI in the global and women's samples, and the psychological variables of assertiveness and positive relations with others were negatively correlated with ARI in women, while purpose in life was negatively correlated with ARI in men. In conclusion, the higher levels of serum lipids and ARI in men can be explained by the higher values of WHR in this sex. Behavioral and psychological variables could be protective factors for high ARI.

Effect of body mass index (BMI) on oocyte quality in IVF cycles

Health hazards of obesity have been recognized for centuries, appearing, for example, in writings attributed to Hippocrates. From the later decades of the 20th century through the present, there have been numerous epidemiological studies of the relationship between excess weight and the total, or all-cause, mortality rate,1 a critical cumulative measure of the public health impact of any health condition. Using body mass index (BMI), an indicator of relative weight for height (weight [kg]/height [m]2) and a frequently used surrogate for assessment of excess body fat, these studies have found linear, U-shaped, or J-shaped relationships between total mortality and BMI. That is, in some studies, both the thin and the obese were more likely to die than those in between. There is, however, always a point at which increasing BMI is associated with increasing mortality risk, but the BMI at which this occurs varies across studies and populations.2 Currently,3 overweight in adults is defined as a BMI of 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2 and obesity as a BMI of ≥30.0 kg/m2 (Table 1). A number of studies have found no significant relationship between BMI in the overweight range and mortality rate4 and have shown the nadir of mortality risk to be in the overweight range. In particular, commentaries in both the lay press5–7 and scientific literature2,8,9 subsequent to recent reports from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)10,11 have highlighted the confusion and controversy regarding this issue. Some have interpreted the recent data to mean that overweight is not detrimental to health and is not in itself a public health concern and that drawing attention to the need for weight loss in this range will have negative effects on the health and well-being of the general population.8 Others have argued …

Disclosure: M. Moazzami: None. N. Venkatesan: None. K.S. Rajagopalan: None. A.V. Vella: None. A. Egan: None. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 10% of pregnancies, with rates almost doubling in minority subgroups. Higher body mass index (BMI) is a significant GDM risk factor, and BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 is often used as a criterion in risk factor-based screening programs. However, up to 60% of individuals with GDM have a normal BMI, and it is unclear if this offers protection against associated adverse outcomes. Furthermore, many prior studies fail to address the fact that those of Asian descent require a lower BMI cut-off, given their different distribution of body fat. Our study evaluated GDM pregnancy outcomes using BMI as a risk indicator. We compared individuals with BMIs &amp;lt; 25 kg/m2, 25-30 kg/m2, and &amp;gt; 30 kg/m2. For individuals that self-identified as Asian, we adjusted BMI categories: &amp;lt;23 kg/m2 for normal weight, 23-30 kg/m2 for overweight, and &amp;gt;30 kg/m2 for obese. We identified 2212 subjects diagnosed with GDM via universal screening and Carpenter and Coustan criteria at our institution from 2018 - 22. In total, 508 (23.0%) were normal weight, 611 (27.6%) overweight, and 1093 (49.4%) obese. The average maternal age was 31 years. Higher proportions identified as Hispanic and non-White race in overweight and obese categories. Maternal adverse outcomes were higher in obese compared to overweight or normal BMI categories (cesarian delivery: normal 26.7 v overweight 28.3 v obese 22.7%, p&amp;lt;0.001; hypertensive disorders: normal 13.2 v overweight 12.5 v obese 22.7%, p &amp;lt;0.001). Pharmacological therapy was required in 50% with obesity versus 24.8% in normal, and 28.7% in overweight categories (p&amp;lt;0.001). While there were no differences in live birth rates across categories, infants born to mothers with obesity had a higher birthweight (normal 3.30 v overweight 3.38 v obese 3.45kg, p&amp;lt;0.001) and were more likely to have neonatal hypoglycemia (normal 28.7 v overweight 25.5 v obese 43.8%, p&amp;lt;0.001) and require intensive care unit admission (normal 8.4 v overweight 5.5 v obese 12.7%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Attendance at postpartum glucose testing varied across BMI categories with lower attendance in mothers with obesity followed by normal weight BMI (normal 40.75 v overweight 45.99 v obese 36.2%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Compared to overweight individuals, those with normal weight exhibited higher rates of postpartum glucose intolerance (12.4 v 6.9%, p =0.002). However, those with obesity had the highest rates of glucose intolerance (20.7%, p&amp;lt;0.0002). Individuals with normal weight had the highest rates of breastfeeding (normal 95.9 v overweight 92.8 v obese 91.4% p=0.006). This study highlights the nuanced relationship between BMI and pregnancy outcomes in GDM. While maternal obesity was associated with the poorest outcomes, those with normal BMI were not protected compared to overweight individuals, and experience higher rates of postpartum glucose intolerance. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Introduction. Atherosclerosis is the histopathological lesion underlying most cardiovascular diseases. Several scales assess the risk of developing atherosclerosis, with the most recognized being atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) and atherogenic indices (AIs). The aim of this study is to assess the associations between shift work, sociodemographic variables, and lifestyle with atherogenic risk, as determined by atherogenic indices, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the lipid triad. Material and Methods. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 53,053 workers (28,808 shift workers and 24,245 non-shift workers) from various autonomous communities in Spain and multiple occupational sectors. The association between sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, and socioeconomic status, health habits including tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity (PA), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), and shift work with the presence of AD and high values of three AIs (Cholesterol/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, and Triglycerides/HDL-c) were assessed. Results. All variables analyzed were associated with AD and AIs values. Among the variables, the strongest associations were observed for physical activity, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 7.70 (95% CI: 6.86–8.55) for high LDL-c/HDL-c to 14.10 (95% CI: 9.05–14.16) for AD; adherence to the Mediterranean diet, with ORs ranging from 1.98 (95% CI: 1.60–2.37) for high LDL-c/HDL-c to 5.89 (95% CI: 4.92–6.86) for AD; and age, with ORs of 2.11 (95% CI: 1.84–2.38) for high Triglycerides/HDL-c and 4.66 (95% CI: 4.04–5.28) for high Total Cholesterol/HDL-c. Conclusions. The profile of a worker with the highest atherogenic risk in our study is a male, older in age, with low socioeconomic status, a smoker, a habitual alcohol consumer, physically inactive, with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and engaged in shift work.

Background &amp; Objective: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory illness that causes joint degeneration and inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to significant disability over time. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a widely distributed pro-inflammatory cytokine that has a variety of roles in several pathophysiologic systems, most notably in the RA development. The purpose of this study was to assess the blood levels of IL-6 and the severity and activity of RA in patients, and to assess the association of atherogenic indices with IL-6 as a predictor of severity in RA disease. Methodology: This study was a case control observational study involving 300 participants diagnosed with RA by the rheumatologists in accordance with American College of Rheumatologists (ACR)/ European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2010 criteria. Serum levels of IL-6, CRP, RF and ACPA were measured by using ELISA technique. While, lipid profile was determined with spectrophotometry. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to study the opportunity of using atherogenic indices and IL-6 as diagnostic tools for RA. Results: The results indicated a higher IL-6 level in RA patients in comparison to the control group, e.g., 28.55 (18.76-41.07) pg/mLvs 10.19 (6.11-12.50) pg/ml. High atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) risk &gt; 0.24 in RA patients parameters (GDF-15, IL-6), the lipid profile parameters and atherogenic indices (TC, TG, VLDL-C, LDL-C, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP, and AC) were compared with moderate atherogenic risk (AIP &lt; 0.24) in RA patients. While a significant decrease was recorded in the HDL-C and BMI levels, it had significantly high atherogenic risk (AIP &gt; 0.24) compared with moderate atherogenic risk (AIP &lt; 0.24) in RA patients. The ROC results analysis showed that the top 5 highly sensitive predictors for RA, e.g., CRI-I, AC, AIP, CRI-II followed by IL-6, have a relatively good sensitivity and specificities for predictors for RA. Conclusion: Increase in interleukin-6 may indicate the activity and severity of the disease. This biomarker could be helpful for early disease detection. The results showed a higher IL-6 in RA patients as well as increased dyslipidemia and atherogenicity in RA patients. Elevation of serum IL-6 and atherogenic indices are the best predictors for RA patients with a higher risk of atherosclerosis than other biomarkers. There is an important correlation between atherogenic indices parameters and the immunological biomarkers IL-6 indicating a significant role of the inflammation in the incidence of atherogenic indices in RA. Abbreviations: AUC- Area Under Curve; ACPA - Anti Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies; CRP- C-Reactive Protein; ESR- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; RF- Rheumatoid Factor; BMI- Body Mass Index; GDF-15 -Growth Differentiation Factor-15; DAS28-CRP- Disease Activity Score-28-C-Reactive Protein; TC- Total Cholesterol; TG- Triglyceride; HDL-C -High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C -Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; VLDL-C-Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; AC-Atherogenic Coefficient; AIP-Atherogenic Index of Plasma; CR-I, CR-II- Castelli’s Risk Indexes. Keywords: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Interleukin-6, Atherogenic Indices. Citation: Abdulridha GAO, Hussein MA, Majeed SR. Estimation of interleukin-6 level and atherogenic indices as predictors of severity of rheumatoid arthritis in Iraqi patients. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(4):700−705; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i4.2400. Received: February 26, 2024; Reviewed: April 16, 2024; Accepted: July 09, 2024

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been associated with poor later life health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited research investigating potential underlying biological mechanisms linking ACE to CVD exists, particularly regarding lipid biomarkers. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the associations between childhood adversity and unfavourable lipid profiles and derived atherogenic risk indices in a middle-to-older aged population. MethodsThis cross-sectional study includes 1820 participants from the Mitchelstown cohort (49% male) in Ireland. Participants' self-reported history of childhood adversity (overall and by subtypes household dysfunction, abuse and neglect) were assessed through a validated 10-item ACE questionnaire. Lipid profiles were determined and atherogenic risk indices including Castelli's Risk Index 1 and 2 (CRI-I and CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Atherogenic Index Plasma (AIP) were generated. Logistic regression analysed ACE associations with unfavourable lipid outcomes, controlling for potential confounders. ResultsACE history (reported by 23% of sample), in particular childhood exposure to household dysfunction, was associated with later-life non-optimal TG and HDL-C concentrations and atherogenic risk indices CRI-II and AC in age and sex-adjusted models (all p < 0.05). In fully adjusted models, adults reporting ACE or exposure to household dysfunction were approximately twice as likely to have pro-atherogenic CRI-II relative to adults with no ACE (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.19–2.92, p = 0.006 and OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.33–3.61, p = 0.002, respectively). Sex-stratified analysis demonstrated sex-specific associations. ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that ACEs are common among older adults in Ireland and are associated with unfavourable lipid profiles and derived atherogenic risk indices.