Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy that adversely affects maternal and offspring health. Maternal obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation have been implicated in GDM. In non-pregnant adults, intakes of dietary bioactive compounds inversely associate with insulin resistance and inflammation. However, associations of dietary bioactive compounds with biomarkers of adiposity, antioxidant vitamin and mineral status, oxidative stress, and inflammation in GDM have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this gap by conducting a semi-quantitative review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials published between 2010 and 2020 and retrieved from Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed. Our analysis revealed that women with GDM are more likely to consume a pro-inflammatory diet before pregnancy and tend to consume fewer antioxidant vitamins and minerals during pregnancy than healthy pregnant women. Women with GDM also have lower blood levels of vitamins A, C, and D and certain adipokines. Several dietary bioactive compounds were noted to improve antioxidant status and biomarkers of inflammation. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and soybean oligosaccharides increased antioxidant enzyme levels. Supplementing n-3 fatty acids, probiotics, synbiotics, and trace elements increased antioxidant enzymes and reduced hs-CRP and MDA. Improvements in inflammation by vitamin D may be contingent upon co-supplementation with other dietary bioactive compounds.
Highlights
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by the onset of hyperglycemia during pregnancy, typically in the second trimester, and is the most prevalent metabolic complication in pregnancy globally [1]
The literature search focused primarily on observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the role of dietary bioactive compounds on maternal biomarkers of adiposity, antioxidant vitamin and mineral status, oxidative stress, and inflammation in women with GDM
“meat,” “plant-based,” “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH),” “Mediterranean,” “prebiotics,” and “probiotics.” This search resulted in a total of 2737 articles (Figure 1), which were assessed by title first and abstract second as per our predetermined eligibility criteria
Summary
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by the onset of hyperglycemia during pregnancy, typically in the second trimester, and is the most prevalent metabolic complication in pregnancy globally [1]. Diagnostic criteria differ by region and are largely influenced by conventional care and the preferences of the clinicians. The lack of uniformity in diagnosing GDM makes it difficult to accurately estimate its global prevalence. Recent reviews concluded that GDM is most prevalent in the Middle East and North Africa (15.2%, 8.8–20.0% [median, interquartile range]) and. The prevalence is lowest in North America and the Caribbean (7.0%, 6.5–11.9%) and Europe (6.1%, 1.8–31.0%), though the rates among European countries vary widely [1,2]. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7528; doi:10.3390/ijerph17207528 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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