Abstract
The present study examines how alcohol intake from wine and non-wine alcoholic beverages (non-wine) in g/d, as well as cups of coffee and tea included as continuous covariates and mutually adjusted are associated with all-cause, cancer, non-cancer and CVD mortality. Consumption was assessed in 354386 participants of the UK Biobank cohort who drank alcohol at least occasionally and survived at least 2 years after baseline with 20201 deaths occurring over 4·2 million person-years. Hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were assessed with Cox proportional hazard regression models and beverage intake fitted as penalised cubic splines. A significant U-shaped association was detected between wine consumption and all-cause, non-cancer and CVD mortality. Wine consumption with lowest risk of death (nadir) ranged from 19 to 23 g alcohol/d in all participants and both sexes separately. In contrast, non-wine intake was significantly and positively associated in a dose-dependent manner with all mortality types studied except for CVD in females and with the nadir between 0 and 12 g alcohol/d. In all participants, the nadir for all-cause mortality was 2 cups coffee/d with non-coffee drinkers showing a slightly increased risk of death. Tea consumption was significantly and negatively associated with all mortality types in both sexes. Taken together, light to moderate consumption of wine but not non-wine is associated with decreased all-cause and non-cancer mortality. A minor negative association of coffee consumption with mortality cannot be excluded whereas tea intake is associated with a consistently decreased risk of all mortality types studied.
Highlights
Besides smoking and a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating patterns are major contributors to morbidity, as well as all-cause and cause-specific mortality[1,2]
The present study examines how alcohol intake from wine and non-wine alcoholic beverages in g/d, as well as cups of coffee and tea included as continuous covariates and mutually adjusted are associated with all-cause, cancer, non-cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality
Tea intake: Tea consumption was significantly associated in a non-linear form with cancer mortality and HR0 was significantly increased in all participants and both sexes separately
Summary
Besides smoking and a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating patterns are major contributors to morbidity, as well as all-cause and cause-specific mortality[1,2]. Moderate alcohol drinking was linked with an increased risk for oral / pharynx, esophageal squamous cell, colorectal, liver, female breast cancer, and malignant melanoma on one hand and a decreased risk for kidney, thyroid, and hematologic malignancy on the other hand[10] Based on these findings, light to moderate alcohol consumption is regarded as safe by the NHS; it is not recommended to start drinking alcohol or to drink more frequently to gain potential health benefits[5]. Moderate coffee consumption was associated with decreased risks of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus[15], obesity[16], cardiovascular disease[17], as well as liver and endometrial cancer[18]. Models often include wine, non-wine, coffee, and tea consumption as either linear predictors or even discretized ordinal predictors and mutual adjustments of the four beverages are not regularly performed
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