Abstract
BackgroundAccording to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the diagnosis of sarcopenia primarily focused on low muscle strength with the detection of low muscle quality and quantity as confirming index. Many studies had identified mitochondrial dysfunction as one of the multifactorial etiologies of sarcopenia. Yet, no study had investigated the role of biosynthetic pathway intermediate, which was found in mitochondria, in the development of sarcopenia. This study aimed to examine the association between protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and components of sarcopenia.MethodThe present study enrolled 1172 participants without anemia between 1999 to 2002 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. We employed the multivariable-logistic regression model to examine the relationship between PPIX and sarcopenia. Covariate adjustments were designated to each of the three models for further analysis of the relationship.ResultsIn the unadjusted model, PPIX was significantly associated with sarcopenia (OR = 3.910, 95% CI = 2.375, 6.439, P value < 0.001). The significance persisted after covariate adjustments as observed in the fully adjusted model (OR = 2.537, 95% CI = 1.419, 4.537, P value = 0.002).ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggested statistically significant association between PPIX and sarcopenia. Our study disclosed the potential of PPIX as a valuable indicator of sarcopenia.
Highlights
Sarcopenia is a generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves the progressive loss of muscle mass and function [1], leading to substantial functional decline, development of chronic diseases, disability, and frailty [2,3,4,5]
In the unadjusted model, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) was significantly associated with sarcopenia (OR = 3.910, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 2.375, 6.439, P value < 0.001)
The significance persisted after covariate adjustments as observed in the fully adjusted model (OR = 2.537, 95% CI = 1.419, 4.537, P value = 0.002)
Summary
Sarcopenia is a generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves the progressive loss of muscle mass and function [1], leading to substantial functional decline, development of chronic diseases, disability, and frailty [2,3,4,5]. We suspect that the heme biosynthetic pathway, which takes place in mitochondria, responsible for the generation of hemoprotein constituent is related to the development of sarcopenia. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is the final intermediate in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The heme biosynthetic pathway could get interrupted under low iron concentration and lead toxicity. This results in the substitution of other transitional metals, zinc, for iron during the chelation, causing an increase in zinc PPIX level [21]. PPIX plays a critical role as an intermediate of heme biosynthetic pathway in which a sustained homeostasis is required. No study had investigated the role of biosynthetic pathway intermediate, which was found in mitochondria, in the development of sarcopenia. This study aimed to examine the association between protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and components of sarcopenia
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