Abstract
BackgroundAlthough serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels have been associated with hypertension, and ALP is known as an enzyme affected by alcohol consumption, no study has been published on the associations between ALP and the risk of hypertension in relation to drinking status.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,681 participants (837 men and 1,846 women) aged 30 to 89 years undergoing a general health check-up to investigate the associations between ALP and hypertension in relation to drinking status.ResultsOf the 2,681 participants, 1,549 (514 men and 1,035 women) were diagnosed with hypertension. A sex difference was observed for the relationship between ALP and hypertension. While no significant association was observed for men, the association was significantly positive for women. The multivariable adjusted odds ratio and 95% coincidence interval (CI) of hypertension per increment of 1-log ALP were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.56 to 1.59) for men and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.07 to 2.33) for women. When this analysis was restricted to nondrinkers, a significantly elevated risk of hypertension was observed for men and remained significant for women; that is, 3.32 (95% CI: 1.38 to 8.02) for men and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.11 to 2.55) for women.ConclusionALP is associated with hypertension for both male and female nondrinkers, but not for drinkers. For analyses of associations between ALP and blood pressure, alcohol consumption should thus be considered a potential confounder.
Highlights
The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate [1], which is an inhibitor of vascular calcification [2]
The prevalence of current drinkers was inversely associated with ALP levels, and for women systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use and aspartate transaminase (AST) were positively and significantly associated with ALP levels
While no significant association was observed for men, it was significantly positive for women
Summary
The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate [1], which is an inhibitor of vascular calcification [2]. While ALP is expressed in a variety of tissues, its concentrations are notably high in bone, liver, and kidneys [1]. One previous sex-combined study reported that ALP was significantly associated with hypertension [3], and another study found a weak but statistically significant association of ALP with blood pressure [4]. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels have been associated with hypertension, and ALP is known as an enzyme affected by alcohol consumption, no study has been published on the associations between ALP and the risk of hypertension in relation to drinking status
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