Associating the Visual Built Environment with Active Transport: An Analytical Approach Using Integrated Individual Behavior Data and Street Imagery

BackgroundTo investigate associations between active transport, employment status and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a representative sample of US adults.MethodsCross-sectional analyses of data from the National Health and...

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the Arabic version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with accelerometer-measured MVPA in people with diabetes. From 2020 to 2022 physical activity was measured people ≥18 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Kuwait. Self-reported MVPA was measured over 7 days with the Arabic version of the IPAQ. During the same 7-day period wrist worn accelerometers were used to objectively measure MVPA. IPAQ MVPA was calculated both including and excluding walking physical activity. MVPA measures were compared by limits of agreement approach, Pearson correlations and concordance correlations. We recruited 240 participants with type 1 diabetes and 343 participants with type 2 diabetes for the study. In people with type 1 diabetes, there were no concordance correlations between IPAQ MVPA, both including (rho = -0.011 (-0.038, 0.017), p = 0.444) and excluding (rho = -0.001 (-0.067, 0.065), p = 0.978) walking physical activity. MVPA measured by IPAQ was 43.3(-85.6, 172.2) min/day higher than accelerometer-measured MVPA, when including walking, and 8.88(-60.4, 78.2) min/day higher, when excluding walking. In people with type 2 diabetes, there were significant positive concordance correlations between IPAQ MVPA, both including (rho = 0.038 (0.02, 0.06), p < 0.001) and excluding (rho = 0.34 (0.27, 0.41), p < 0.001) walking physical activity. MVPA measured by IPAQ was 62.3 (95% CI -61.5 to 186.0) min/day higher than accelerometer-measured MVPA, when including walking, and 4.0 (95% CI -34.1 to 42.0) min/day higher, when excluding walking. In people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, caution should be exercised when using the Arabic version of the IPAQ to measure MVPA.

Examined patterns and determinants of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) over 4 years in US emerging adults. Waves 1 through 4 (W1 [10th grade] to W4 data of a national cohort starting in 2010 (N = 561; 16.19 ± 0.51 years) were used. MVPA was assessed annually from accelerometers; BMI calculated from measured height/weight; and surveys ascertained self-reported physical activity (PA) planning, peer PA , family support, W1 sociodemographics, W4 school status, W4 residence, and W4 employment. Latent growth modeling estimated trajectories in log-transformed duration (minutes/day) of MVPA and associations with covariates. Less than 9% of participants met the recommended 60+ minutes/day MVPA across W1 through W4. W1 MVPA was greater in males versus females (B = 0.46, P < .001) and Hispanic versus White (B = 0.34, P < .001) participants. Increased BMI change (W1 to W4 slope) was associated with decreased MVPA. MVPA was positively associated with PA planning (W1-W3: B = 0.10, B = 0.06, B = 0.08, Ps < .05), but not with peer PA or family support. Participants attending 4-year college versus not-attending school (B = 0.52, P < .001), and college students living on campus versus at home (B = 0.37, P < .001) were more likely to engage in MVPA at W4. Weekend MVPA remained relatively constant from W1 through W4. High-school students engaged in little MVPA and maintained this low level through the transition to adulthood. Emerging adults' MVPA engagement may vary according to social contexts. Those with high BMI may benefit most from interventions to promote MVPA.

Introduction: Intention to engage in physical activity (PA) is an important concept in behavior change theories. However, age, body mass index (BMI), and sleep may influence one’s intention to engage in PA and intention might not predict actual activity. Purpose: This secondary analysis examined predictors of intention to engage in PA and if the factors associated with intention predicted objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in adults who were overweight or obese and enrolled in a weight loss study. Methods: We used 6- and 12-mo data from the EMPOWER Study, an observational study examining triggers of lapse following intentional weight loss. Objective measures included up to 7 days of overlapping accelerometer and actigraphy data to assess daily MVPA and sleep. Self-report data included responses to the question “Do you intend to be physically active today?” hereafter called intention, collected at the beginning of each day via ecological momentary assessment. Analyses were performed examining: 1) the effects of subject-level covariates (e.g., age, sex, race, BMI) on intention, 2) the effects of objectively measured sleep characteristics (e.g., total sleep time [TST], number of awakenings, sleep fragmentation) on intention, and 3) the relationships between sleep, intention, and MVPA. Logistic regression using generalized estimating equations and linear mixed-effect models were used. Results: The analyses included 680 person-days at 6 mo and 678 person-days at 12 mo. Participants (N=136) were mostly female (89.8%) and white (81.8%) with a mean (± SD) age of 51.5 ± 9.9 years and BMI of 33.5 ± 4.6. At 6 mo, participants intended to engage in PA on 81.2% of days, had a mean TST of 408.9 ± 81.8 min/night, and a mean of 32.4 ± 14.7 awakenings/night. At 12 mo, PA intention decreased to 80.6% of days, TST increased to 416.5 ± 82.5 min/night, and awakenings increased to 34.0 ± 14.4 per night (p = .089 for TST; p = .043 for awakenings). Mean daily MVPA decreased from 19.0 ± 23.9 min at 6 mo to 17.3 ± 23.4 min at 12 mo (p = .185). Intention increased with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.02 -1.07). At 6 mo, sleep fragmentation, after adjusting for age, negatively affected intention (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94 - 0.98); however, it did not significantly affect intention at 12 mo. When comparing days with no PA intention to days in which participants intended to engage in PA, mean MVPA nearly tripled from 7.4 min (95% CI = 3.6 - 11.2) to 21.2 min (95% CI = 18.4 - 24.0). Furthermore, when controlling for age, time of assessment, and intention, participants engaged in an estimated 0.135 (95% CI = 0.241 - 0.029) fewer min of MVPA for each awakening. Conclusions: Based on these findings, future weight loss programs should include interventions that improve sleep quality by reducing fragmentation and strengthen the link between intention and engagement in PA.

BackgroundChildren and adolescents' engagement in physical activity has decreased in most Western countries across the previous three decades. Therefore, increasing number of researchers are investigating antecedents of physical activity engagement in childhood and adolescence. This longitudinal study investigated if cardiorespiratory fitness measured at Grade 5 explained objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at grade 7.MethodsThe sample of the study included 169 (62 boys and 107 girls, Mage = 11.27, SD = .32 at the beginning of the study) Finnish PE students. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by 20 meters shuttle run test and MVPA by Actigraph wGT3X+ accelerometers. Sex, BMI and MVPA score at Grade 5 were used as covariates in the analysis. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted as follows: (a) sex, BMI and MVPA score at Grade 5 were set as covariates on the first step of the analysis; (b) cardiorespiratory fitness measured at Grade 5 was set as independent variable on the second step of the analysis; c) MVPA measured at Grade 7 was set as dependent variable on the third step of the analysis.ResultsRegression analysis demonstrated that sex, BMI and MVPA at Grade 5 were significant variables (R2 = 0.235; F = 16.925; p = 0.000) predicting variance in MVPA score at Grade 7. More specifically, results indicated that BMI (β = 0.161; P < 0.026) and MVPA at Grade 5 (β = 0.397; P < 0.000) were significant predictors of MVPA score at Grade 7, whereas sex (β = 0.023; P < 0.738) was not. Subsequently, cardiorespiratory fitness measured at Grade 5 improved predictive strength of the model for MVPA at Grade 7 (R2 = 0.284; R2 change = 0.049; F = 16.250; P < 0.001). Results showed that cardiorespiratory fitness at Grade 5 (β = 0.264, P < 0.001) was a significant predictor of MVPA at Grade 7.ConclusionsResults of this study demonstrated that cardiorespiratory fitness is an important antecedent of MVPA from childhood to adolescence. However, the portion cardiorespiratory fitness predicted MVPA was relatively low. Intensive physical activities within elementary school years are strongly encouraged.

Intervention studies often assume that changes in an outcome are homogenous across the population, however this assumption might not always hold. This article describes how latent class growth modelling (LCGM) can be performed in intervention studies, using an empirical example, and discusses the challenges and potential implications of this method. The analysis included 110 young adults with mobility disability that had participated in a parallel randomized controlled trial and received either a mobile app program (n = 55) or a supervised health program (n = 55) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was accelerometer measured moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels in min/day assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 1-year post intervention. The mean change of MVPA from baseline to 1-year was estimated using paired t-test. LCGM was performed to determine the trajectories of MVPA. Logistic regression models were used to identify potential predictors of trajectories. There was no significant difference between baseline and 1-year MVPA levels (4.8 min/day, 95% CI: −1.4, 10.9). Four MVPA trajectories, ‘Normal/Decrease’, ‘Normal/Increase’, ‘Normal/Rapid increase’, and ‘High/Increase’, were identified through LCGM. Individuals with younger age and higher baseline MVPA were more likely to have increasing trajectories of MVPA. LCGM uncovered hidden trajectories of physical activity that were not represented by the average pattern. This approach could provide significant insights when included in intervention studies. For higher accuracy it is recommended to include larger sample sizes.

Background/Objectives: Low physical activity (PA) and excessive sedentary time negatively impact health, contributing to obesity. Physical education (PE) can help reduce the risk of obesity in schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time during PE in Türkiye, examining the influence of weight status and gender. Method: Accelerometers measured MVPA in 274 children and adolescents (ages 10–14, 49.6% girls). Sedentary time and MVPA were classified based on accelerometer count per 15 s (sedentary: &lt;25; MVPA: ≥574). A two-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) assessed body mass index (BMI) and gender effects on MVPA and sedentary time. Results: Students spent 44.5% of PE time sedentary and 43.2% in MVPA, below the recommended 50% of PE in MVPA. Only 45.6% met this target (44.2% males and 47.1% females). Overweight/obese students had higher sedentary time, while normal-weight students engaged in more MVPA (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Students did not meet the recommended 50% of PE in MVPA. Increasing MVPA and reducing sedentary time during PE is particularly important for overweight/obese students. Physical education intervention should target students in co-educational classes.

Given the low levels of physical activity (PA) in adolescence, there are challenges to increasing students' PA outside of the school setting. Thus, researchers emphasize the supportive role that physical education (PE) teachers can play in PA motivation both in and out of school. The aim of the present study was to examine an expanded trans-contextual model (TCM) model for the transit of teachers' perceived support of students' autonomy in terms of contextual and situational motivation in PE to objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in PE across different PE contents as well as to the motivational sequence for, and participation in, subjective MVPA during leisure time. This cross-sectional study involved 283 high school students, of whom 43.9% were boys. The autonomous support students received and other motivational factors and objective measures of MVPA in PE and subjective MVPA in leisure time were measured. The results indicate that support for autonomy was significantly and directly related to needs satisfaction (β = 0.61, p < 0.001) and indirectly to autonomous motivation in PE (β = 0.19, p < 0.001) and leisure time (β = 0.16, p < 0.001), intention in PE (β = 0.03, p < 0.05) and leisure time (β = 0.07, p < 0.001), and leisure time MVPA (β = 0.04, p < 0.001), although not MVPA in PE. Gender was a significant covariate for both MVPA in PE (β = −0.62, p < 0.001) and MVPA in leisure time (β = −0.37, p < 0.001), with higher MVPA in boys than girls. This study filled a gap in the scientific literature by demonstrating the full motivational sequence resulting in actual MVPA in PE classes. It also demonstrated that the main goal of PE of enhancing PA not only in school but also outside of school is working. The main motivator is needs satisfaction based on PE teachers' support.

The temporal interplay between physical activity, emotional well-being, and health-related quality of life in individuals with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-lagged panel analysis.

Features of public open spaces and physical activity among children: Findings from the CLAN study

The purpose of this study was to investigate reciprocal relationships among students' motor competence (MC) (leaping, throwing, catching, jumping skills), perceived physical competence, health-related fitness (HRF) (20m shuttle run, push-up, abdominal muscles endurance tests) and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants included 422 Grade 5 Finnish children (246 girls). Two separate structural equation models investigated paths (a) from MC through both perceived physical competence and HRF to MVPA, and (b) from MVPA through both perceived physical competence and HRF to MC. Model 1 demonstrated an indirect path from MC through HRF to MVPA and a direct path from MC to perceived physical competence for both boys and girls. Additionally, model 1 revealed a direct path from perceived physical competence to MVPA for the girls and from MC to MVPA for the boys. MC, perceived physical competence, and HRF explained 13% of variance in MVPA for the girls and 25% for the boys. Model 2 indicated indirect paths from MVPA through perceived physical competence to MC and from MVPA through HRF to MC for both boys and girls. Additionally, a direct path from MVPA to MC was found in the boys' group. MVPA, perceived physical competence, and HRF explained 48% of variance in MC for the girls and 53% for the boys. Results of this study provide preliminary support for the reciprocal nature of relationships among MC development, perceived physical competence, HRF and MVPA.

To test the feasibility and reliability of a direct observation method for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children visiting an interactive children's museum exhibition. Direct observation was used to assess MVPA in children visiting an interactive children's museum exhibition on 2 weekend days in winter 2013. The Children's Museum of Manhattan's EatSleepPlay™: Building Health Every Day exhibition. Children (group level) visiting the museum exhibition. System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Interobserver reliability was analyzed for MVPA and activity type. Two-group analyses were conducted using a series of Wilcoxon rank sum tests. A total of 545 children were observed over 288 observations. No significant differences were found between observers for MVPA ( r = .91, P = .6804) or activity type (κ = .90, P = .6334). Children participated in MVPA during 35.2% of all observations. No significant differences were found for participation in MVPA between boys (37.6%) and girls (32.8%, P = .1589). The SOPLAY may be a useful tool for measuring MVPA in interactive children's museum exhibitions. Research with multiple museum settings and diverse groups of children over longer periods of time is warranted to further establish the feasibility and reliability of the SOPLAY for measuring MVPA in this novel setting.

Background: While some studies report muscle strength is associated with mortality, independent of aerobic physical activity (PA), in older people, there are less data in women and lack of studies adjusting the association for objective measures of PA and physical performance. We prospectively examined this association in 5,061 multiethnic (White, 48.2%; Black, 34.0%; Hispanic, 17.9%) women ages 63-99 (mean 78.3) with complete information for analysis in the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study. Methods: Quartile categories of dominant hand grip strength (&lt;14, 14-18, 18.1-22.5, &gt;22.5 kg) and EPESE categories of time to complete five consecutive unassisted chair stands (&gt;16.6, 16.6-13.7, 13.6-11.2, &lt;11.2 sec) were the muscle strength exposure measures. Primary covariables included age, race-ethnicity, current smoking, BMI, and number of comorbidities. Accelerometer measured moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and total sedentary time, and gait speed during a self-paced 8 meter walk test were further assessed as confounding factors. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: There were 306 (5.5%) all-cause deaths during a mean 3.3 year follow-up. Adjusting for primary covariables, significant inverse trends in mortality were observed across categories of grip strength, HR (95% CI) = 1.00 (ref), 0.70 (0.53, 0.93), 0.77 (0.56, 1.05), 0.59 (0.41, 0.87), trend p = .007, and chair stands, 1.00, 0.82 (0.62, 1.09), 0.76 (0.55, 1.04), 0.53 (0.36, 0.77), trend p &lt;.001. Further adjustment for MVPA attenuated these associations which remained statistically significant, 1.00, 0.72, 0.81, 0.66, trend p = .032, and 1.00, 0.91, 0.88, 0.65, trend p = .033, respectively. Similarly, adding sedentary time or gait speed to the primary covariables did not eliminate significance of the inverse mortality trends with either muscle strength measure. Adjusting for primary covariables, each 1-standard deviation (6.2 sec) faster chair stand time was associated with 12% lower mortality risk (p = .004), which was attenuated to 8% risk reduction (p = .04) when further controlling for MVPA. Adjusting for primary covariables and MVPA, each 1-standard deviation (6.8 kg) increment in grip strength was associated with 13% lower mortality risk (p = .04), and this inverse association was generally consistent across subgroups defined by age (interaction p = .78), race-ethnicity (p = .19), and BMI (p = .88). Controlling for gait speed opposed to MVPA resulted in consistent findings. Conclusions: Higher muscular strength is associated with lower mortality in older women, independent of device-measured MVPA and sedentary time, and measured gait speed, an indicator of aerobic fitness. If results are confirmed, in addition to guideline recommendations regarding aerobic PA, promoting skeletal muscle strength is an important component of aging well.

Concurrent agreement between ActiGraphⓇ and activPALⓇ in measuring moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity for adults

Longitudinal within-subject (WS) associations of mothers' momentary assessed physical activity (PA) parenting practices were examined with children's objectively measured PA during the same 2-hr time frame. Mother-child dyads (n = 189) completed five ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measurement bursts over 3 years. During each 7-day burst, mothers EMA-reported their past 2 hr PA parenting practices (i.e., encouraging their child to be physically active, taking their child someplace to be physically active), and children (Mage=9.6 years, SD = 0.9) wore an accelerometer to measure moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Two-part multilevel models were used, with zero portions representing not meeting MVPA and positive portions representing any MVPA, controlling for demographic covariates. Cross-level interaction terms of child sex and age with parenting were created to test moderation effects. When mothers reported taking their child to be physically active, children were more likely to get some MVPA (b = -0.56, p < .001). When mothers reported taking their child to be physically active more, children had higher levels of MVPA (b = 0.24, p < .001). When mothers reported encouraging their child to be physically active, children were less likely to get any MVPA (b = 0.27, p < .05). However, when mothers reported encouraging their child to be physically active more, children had higher levels of MVPA (b = 0.29, p < .001). These effects were not moderated by child sex or age. WS variations of mothers' support for PA across the day were associated with changes in children's MVPA. Future research should consider promoting mothers' provision of support for increasing children's PA.