Assistive Technology to Fulfill the Digital Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia

The article examines the pressing issues of digital human rights and freedoms in the context of the rapid digital transformation of society. In particular, the concept of a digital avatar is proposed as an effective tool for realizing the continuum of digital human rights and freedoms. This issue is becoming particularly significant due to the active development of digital technologies, such as digital institutionalization, artificial intelligence, and big data. Today, there is an urgent need to establish clear international legal standards that would ensure an adequate level of protection for digital rights and freedoms. This issue is critically important, especially in the context of international crisis situations, which are often accompanied by increased control over the information space, cyber threats, and the use of technology to restrict human rights. One of the key problems remains the absence of a systematic codification of digital rights and freedoms in international law. Currently, legal approaches to digital rights remain fragmented and fail to meet the contemporary challenges of digitalization, creating significant gaps in the legal regulation of this sphere. The continuum of digital human rights and freedoms includes both rights and freedoms that have a digital component (such as the right to privacy in a digital environment or the protection of personal data) and purely digital rights and freedoms that exist exclusively in cyberspace. An important aspect is the formation of an initial list of digital rights and freedoms, which can serve as a foundation for the further development of the regulatory and legal framework in this field. In particular, this includes rights such as the right to a digital avatar, the right to access artificial intelligence technologies, digital neutrality, freedom from algorithmic pressure, freedom of expression, and protection from harmful information in cyberspace. The introduction of a unified international system for the codification of digital rights and freedoms is a necessary condition for establishing an effective mechanism for their protection. This will not only safeguard human rights in peacetime but also ensure their observance during crisis situations, armed conflicts, or global emergencies. Defining clear legal frameworks will help prevent abuses of digital technologies and contribute to the formation of a fair and secure digital environment for all.

The work is devoted to the concept of human rights and freedoms in the context of globalization. The concept of the human dimension of globalization, the factors influencing the content of human and peoples' rights and freedoms are analyzed. In particular, human rights standards in the field of modern information technologies have been determined. It is determined that the transformation of society is due to the development of the information society and the gradual transition to a knowledge society, the impact of digitalization on all social processes. The active use of digital technologies in various spheres of life has led to the question of the need and sufficiency of human and civil rights and freedoms, and highlighted the concept of digital human rights and freedoms. Summarizing different approaches, it is determined that the globalization of human rights is a process of influencing human rights of various factors and factors of international importance (political, social, economic, information, etc.) in individual countries; the interdependence of the social status of the individual from the life of peoples and humanity as a whole and vice versa; it is the universalization of positive world experience in the field of human rights, recognition and consolidation of the universal status of human rights and freedoms, their protection at the international level. It is analyzed that personal rights and freedoms are known to be inseparable from the security of man, society and the state. Under these conditions, the problem of finding a balance between the protection of privacy, including information privacy, and the need to protect information and national security becomes relevant. That is, in the conditions of the rule of law and the development of the information society, restrictions on the arbitrary treatment of human rights, in particular in the information sphere, should be legally defined. This problem has become significantly more relevant in the current context of digital transformation and the introduction of an emergency situation related to quarantine and restrictive measures, which has helped to identify a number of important issues that need urgent attention. The transformation of society is due to the development of the information society and the gradual transition to a knowledge society, the impact of digitalization on all social processes. The active use of digital technologies in various spheres of life has led to the question of the need and sufficiency of human and civil rights and freedoms, and highlighted the concept of digital human rights and freedoms.
 Digital rights include fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, privacy, the right to information, the right to participate in public affairs, etc., and such as the right to be forgotten, the right to anonymity, or even the right to the Internet. .
 The modern scientific literature identifies and explores such new rights as the right to be forgotten, the right to anonymity, the right to personal data protection, the right to digital education and access to digital knowledge; rights related to the protection of genetic information; the right to participate in the turnover of property in the digital sphere, etc. It is noted that the right to privacy, which is one of the main rights that embody human freedom in its negative sense, ie freedom from outside interference, is particularly vulnerable in the digital transformation era. The right to education is also actively developing in the digital age. A new right has been defined - the "right to digital death". Attention is paid to the group of digital rights, which are designed to ensure the implementation of constitutional principles in the democratic system of our state, so the category of "electronic democracy" is firmly in modern constitutional and legal usage. It is concluded that ensuring security in the information and communication environment is becoming a priority area of ​​scientific and technical activities, requiring significant attention and efforts from man, society, government agencies and legal science of the state.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of a new category of rights, which legal specialists refer to as the fourth generation of rights. This is directly related to the rapid development of new technologies and significant changes in legal relations that have emerged at present, as well as the emergence of new forms of business activities and certain information asymmetry, and the sharp increase in online life, which increasingly requires legal regulation. These factors influence the increase and intensification of challenges for both international and national law. The article analyzes the possible risks associated with the violation of such important values as freedom of expression, justice, and the rule of law, leading to the threat of human rights violations in the information space and the inability to protect them due to the lack of legal certainty and the absence of legal frameworks. Therefore, the author provides certain options for resolving the issue of protecting digital human rights. The article explores digital human rights and the specifics of their restriction in the context of contemporary legal challenges. Given society’s increasing dependence on information technologies, the protection of digital rights is becoming a crucial aspect of ensuring citizens’ fundamental freedoms. The main international legal documents regulating digital rights, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, are examined. Special attention is given to the conditions for derogating digital rights during emergencies, particularly in the context of the Russian Federation’s military aggression against Ukraine. The main forms of digital rights violations are analyzed, including Internet access restrictions, censorship, privacy breaches, disinformation, and propaganda. The article emphasizes the necessity of adhering to the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and temporariness when restricting digital rights to ensure a balance between national security and the preservation of fundamental human rights. An authorial definition of the term “digital rights” is provided.

The article is dedicated to the realization of digital and information human rights under martial law. Active use of digital and information technologies in human life led to the development of such categories as digital and information human rights and digitalization of society are stated. Connection between digital and information rights is installed, authors highlight that information rights unlike digital rights can be realized not only by digital technologies, but digital rights can`t be realized without digital and information technologies.Authors of the research conducted an electronic survey of citizens using social networks and platform Google Forms for detection of the level understanding and violation of digital and information human rights under martial law. Results of the survey demonstrates that 27,3% respondents always experienced with violation of digital and information human rights, 30,3% – quite rarely, 24,2% – rarely, 18,2% – never. 90,9% respondents agreed that we need to create special institutions which will have functional powers aimed at protection of digital human rights nowadays, 9,1% people don’t consider it appropriate. Authors proposed to adopt a unique international normative-legal act at the level of the Organization of United Nations namely «Convention of digital and information human rights» and creation of the Committee on security of safety functional of digital and information spaces to the United Nations General Assembly. Powers of the Committee will be aim at adoption of reports from States parties on the results of state policy implementation in the area of security of digital and information rights; development and improvement the available remedies of security of digital and information rights; expand international cooperation in the area of prevention of new offenses in digital and information spaces; initiate creation of Convention of digital and information human rights.

The authors note that the digitization of public services has taken place, which has led to the transition of most or at least a significant number of public services to an electronic format and allowed us to talk about the emergence of concepts of electronic state (government) (e-government). The step-by-step transformation of state data management based on digital technologies, the development of complex super-services for citizens and businesses to receive public services in one click (DIY) was called «digital public administration». However, a clear definition and framework of the concept of «digital human rights» has yet to be developed. They seem to cover all human rights in the context of digitization and the development of modern information and communication technologies. It can be considered that this is the field of information law, which regulates human rights related to the use of information technologies. This includes the regulation of relations in the field of personal data processing, publication of information on the network, processing of big data, application of artificial intelligence, etc. The purpose of the scientific article is to consider the concept of digital rights and their implementation in the Ukrainian and European legal space, taking into account the contribution of Ukrainian scientists. The digital revolution that has swept the world has significantly changed the way people communicate, work and live. However, this rapid technological development brings with it new challenges for the protection of human rights. This article examines the concept of digital human rights and their dimensions in the Ukrainian and European context. It is indicated that the study and protection of digital human rights in the modern world requires a comprehensive approach, taking into account both Ukrainian and European experience. The works of domestic scientists testify to the urgency of the problem and indicate the need for further research in this area. Digital human rights are becoming an integral part of modern society, where technology is rapidly changing the way we live and interact. Ukraine, like other countries, faces many challenges in the field of digital rights, which are caused by the rapid development of information and communication technologies. From this context: first, understanding digital rights and their importance becomes a necessity for every member of society. People should be aware of their rights and responsibilities in the digital space, especially regarding the protection of privacy and personal data; secondly, the development of digital rights in Ukraine should take into account the best practices of European countries and global standards. Improving legislation, increasing public awareness and developing cyber defense are aspects that require immediate attention; thirdly, the importance of cooperation between the state, citizens, business and the scientific community. Effective and sustainable solutions to ensure the digital rights of Ukrainians can only be created through joint efforts.

The authors note that the digitization of public services has taken place, which has led to the transition of most or at least a significant number of public services to an electronic format and allowed us to talk about the emergence of concepts of electronic state (government) (e-government). The step-by-step transformation of state data management based on digital technologies, the development of complex super-services for citizens and businesses to receive public services in one click (DIY) was called “digital public administration”. However, a clear definition and framework of the concept of “digital human rights” has yet to be developed. They seem to cover all human rights in the context of digitization and the development of modern information and communication technologies. It can be considered that this is the field of information law, which regulates human rights related to the use of information technologies. This includes the regulation of relations in the field of personal data processing, publication of information on the network, processing of big data, application of artificial intelligence, etc. The purpose of the scientific article is to consider the concept of digital rights and their implementation in the Ukrainian and European legal space, taking into account the contribution of Ukrainian scientists. The digital revolution that has swept the world has significantly changed the way people communicate, work and live. However, this rapid technological development brings with it new challenges for the protection of human rights. This article examines the concept of digital human rights and their dimensions in the Ukrainian and European context. It is indicated that the study and protection of digital human rights in the modern world requires a comprehensive approach, taking into account both Ukrainian and European experience. The works of domestic scientists testify to the urgency of the problem and indicate the need for further research in this area. Digital human rights are becoming an integral part of modern society, where technology is rapidly changing the way we live and interact. Ukraine, like other countries, faces many challenges in the field of digital rights, which are caused by the rapid development of information and communication technologies. From this context: first, understanding digital rights and their importance becomes a necessity for every member of society. People should be aware of their rights and responsibilities in the digital space, especially regarding the protection of privacy and personal data; secondly, the development of digital rights in Ukraine should take into account the best practices of European countries and global standards. Improving legislation, increasing public awareness and developing cyber defense are aspects that require immediate attention; thirdly, the importance of cooperation between the state, citizens, business and the scientific community. Effective and sustainable solutions to ensure the digital rights of Ukrainians can only be created through joint efforts.

The article considers digital human rights as a relatively new social-legal phenomenon which has recently become the focus of scientific discussions. Some scientists believe that digital rights have specific determinants which explain their character of sui generis , i.e., digital rights represent a new - fourth - generation of human rights. The author considers digital rights in their international-legal and social dimensions in order to clarify their nature and definitions, and argues that the scientific-expert community lacks a single understanding of digital rights; therefore, such rights should be named information-digital, which would reflect their information nature as a construct of reality (including virtual reality). The social dimension of digital rights is manifested in the unprecedented impact of the digitalization of social relations, which penetrates all spheres of contemporary society, determines various ethical and legal problems and becomes an issue of such philosophical concepts as transhumanism. In particular, transhumanism, supported by some leaders of the developed countries, implies negative consequences and challenges for traditional human rights since it insists on the transformation of human nature. The internationallegal dimension of digital law is expressed in the symbolic connection between ‘traditional’ and digital rights. When interpreting digital rights as information-digital, there are no differences between the above-mentioned types of rights, since they form an organic whole. Digital rights are a new type of the ‘traditional’ information rights, the provision and protection of which are sufficiently regulated (set) by the norms of the so-called Bill of Rights that includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the International Covenants on Human Rights (1966). Certainly, for new types of digital rights, it is necessary to develop additional protocols for the International Treaties. However, already now we need to seriously consider the implementation mechanism for digital rights, for instance, such as specialized groups of experts (lawyers and specialists in digital technologies) in the UN. The author proposes to develop an International Information-Digital Code of Rights in order to ensure a comprehensive regulation of digital human rights and freedoms.

Lists, Spatial Practice and Assistive Technologies for the Blind

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the legal nature of digital human rights. The author emphasizes theexisting terminological contradictions in scientific doctrine regarding the name of this group of human rights. Thus, it is noted thatresearchers call the rights that are associated with the development of information (including the Internet) technology: information, virtual,digital (digital rights), Internet rights (Internet rights), the right to communicate rights to communicate), freedom to connect withany person, at any time, in any place, for any purpose (freedom to connect – to anyone, anytime, anywhere, for anything).In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the author drew attention to the understanding of the concept and features of theInternet both in scientific doctrine and at the legislative level. The author emphasizes the problematic aspects that exist in the directionof distinguishing between digital and information rights, noting that the legal nature of the latter is not clearly defined. In attempting tomake such a distinction, the author notes that the object of both rights under study is information, however, digital rights exist due tothe existence of the Internet, and therefore contain a communication component. However, digital rights, while largely identical in contentwith the right to information, nevertheless emerge as a whole new area of human rights.In addition, in the course of the study the author considered the main types of digital rights. In particular, it is stated that digitalrights include the right to access the Internet, the right to protection of personal data and the right to be forgotten. However, the authordraws attention to the fact that in addition to digital rights, there are also obligations that arise from them, as a result of which he definesthe legal obligations associated with the implementation of each of the studied digital rights, using the provisions of international law,national legislation, foreign experience and case law. In addition, the need to conduct research in the field of legal obligations throughthe prism of the implementation of digital human rights was emphasized.

The Nuremberg tribunal was the expression and the beginning of states' recognition of their duty to prosecute genocide and other gross human rights violations. It was a first step towards fulfillin...

The world has entered the digital age with the invention of Artificial Intelligence, and it is the harbinger of great implications for human rights. This paper explores these implications at the nexus of generative AI and digital human rights. This paper looks closely at how AI technologies, particularly generative AI, hold great promise but can sometimes threaten rights, such as privacy, freedom of expression, and non-discrimination. It uses Chat-GPT as a typical case example. It foregrounds the need for strict legal and ethical structures to ensure that the deployment of AI technologies reflects and advances human rights. This paper evaluates digital rights through the prism of human rights, with specific reference to international human rights law. This paper supports the opinion that a human-centred approach to AI, emphasising transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, is suitable. It also suggests making AI accountable and discusses possible approaches to receiving remedies should there be any breach of digital rights. The research will, therefore, help contribute to critical discussions on opportunities and challenges introduced by AI in the context of digital human rights. The paper finally attempts to propose ways to minimise the possible repercussions that AI might have on the enjoyment of digital and human rights.

The article is devoted to the formation of propositions about establishing a digital ombudsman`s institution as a mechanism for effective realization of human information and digital rights. It is emphasized that many cases of violations of human information and digital rights are in practice in modern conditions. In this regard it is necessity to improve the institution mechanism of human information and digital rights providing for safely human`s being in digital and information environments. Author vision of human digital and information rights as interrelated and interdepended human rights categories which define human activity in digital and information environments and provide for several related human rights in any sphere of activity is formed, propositions about establishment of the digital ombudsman`s institution are also proved. This idea was supported by many respondents conducted by an author’s poll. Digital ombudsman`s powers will be included: 1) accepting applications from citizens about human digital and information rights violations; 2) sending citizen`s applications to authorized bodies (if necessary); 3) writing year`s reports about facts human digital and information rights violations and results of elimination of indicated disadvantages; 4) increasing level of digital and information citizen`s knowledge; 5) organization events of legal education for Ukrainian citizens in spheres of digital and information rights; 6) control, coordination and development recommendations of improvement activity of subjects who provide digital and information security of Ukraine; 7) making nationality law base in spheres of digital and information rights according to international standards; 8) developing international cooperation in spheres of human digital and information rights. Kew words: information security, information, information environment, human information rights, human digital rights, digital technologies, digitalization.

Economic Sanctions Against Human Rights Violations

The growing influence of digital technologies and the internet on legal systems has raised the urgent need to clearly distinguish between traditional and digital human rights. The purpose of this study was to define theoretical criteria for differentiating these rights within the framework of international legal analysis. The research was based on methods of legal analysis, comparative methodology, and content analysis of scholarly literature, international documents and national legal acts. The study examined the evolution of human rights in the digital age and analysed legal gaps in international and national frameworks. It was found that digital rights differ from traditional rights due to their technological dependence, dynamic content, and the multi-stakeholder structure of legal relations. Key features such as the context of emergence, subject composition, regulatory mechanisms, and objects of protection were identified as criteria for differentiation. It was also revealed that most digital rights emerge from private-law relations and involve actors beyond the state, including transnational corporations and algorithmic systems. The research concluded that current legal doctrine lacks a unified standard for digital rights and that the distinction between digital and traditional rights requires a systematic theoretical basis. It was generalised that new legal standards must be developed to adequately address threats to digital rights, especially in the context of AI, data privacy, and content regulation. The findings of this study can be applied by international organisations, national lawmakers, human rights defenders and academic researchers in the development of coherent and adaptive legal policies for safeguarding rights in digital environments

The relevance of the study lied in the need to adapt the legal framework to the challenges of the digital era by defining the principles of responsible digital development and ensuring equal access to digital opportunities. The purpose of the article was a compare of the conceptions and classification of digital human rights, in particular, to determine the criteria for their classification, to analyse the right to internet access as a key digital right and to study the best practices of different countries (Canada, Estonia, Lithuania and Ukraine). The study used comparative analysis, legal analysis, documentary analysis, content analysis, descriptive method and system analysis to examine the concept and classification of digital human rights, their practical implementation and impact on the realisation of other fundamental rights. Unclear criteria for classifying digital rights as fundamental make it difficult to develop international legal norms for a secure and democratic digital future. The study emphasised the importance of internet access as a key right that facilitates the realisation of other digital rights and reduces digital inequality. An analysis of the practices of countries with developed infrastructure and legislation showed that effective digital transformation reduces access-related discrimination and restrictions on rights in the offline environment. The practical significance lies in the formulation of recommendations for improving the legal regulation of digital rights and ensuring universal access to the internet as a key tool for social equality and development