Assessment of Water Quality of Different Water Bodies in and around Delhi, India

The water quality data of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria-Nigeria for 7 years (January 2014 to December 2020) was collected and analyzed. Thirteen (13) water quality parameters were analyzed which includes; pH, turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Free Carbon dioxide, Total Alkalinity, Chloride (Cl - ), Total Hardness, Total Iron, Nitrate (NO 3- ) and Manganese (Mn). Results were subjected to Factor Analysis (FA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) via Minitab 17. FA/PCA extracted 5 Principal Components (PCs) which explain 63.2% of the variation in the water quality. Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Free Carbon dioxide, Manganese (Mn) and temperature were identified to be the parameters influencing the variability of the reservoir water quality as their absolute factor loading were greater than 0.50.

In this study, seasonal and spatial variations in physicochemical parameters of water and proximate composition of Macrobrachium macrobrachion from Badagry Creek and Ologe Lagoon were examined. Samples of water and M. macrobrachion were collected from both stations on a monthly basis for six months. The physicochemical parameters monitored were pH, temperature, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total solids, total alkalinity, free carbondioxide, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia and turbidity, while the proximate composition parameters were moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate, crude lipids and ash. It was observed that alkalinity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and ammonia determined for both sample stations were within recommended limit of Food and Agricultural Organization, except pH for Badagry creek. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in seasonal variations of most physico-chemical parameters in both stations except for pH in Ologe lagoon, and electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total solids (TS) in both stations. Also, with the exception of EC, TDS and TS, there was no significant difference for spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters between the two stations. Moisture content, lipid and ash contents showed significant seasonal variation in Ologe lagoon, while crude protein and crude fibre recorded no significant difference. For Badagry creek, with the exception of moisture content, all other proximate composition parameters showed significant difference. However, there was no significant spatial variation in proximate composition between the prawns in Ologe lagoon and Badagry creek. There were gradual effects of season on water quality and proximate composition but these effects still support growth and survival of the prawn. However, regulatory measures should be put in place to protect these water bodies from direct/indirect human activities that can cause adverse damages.

The present investigation deals with limnobiotic status of the Almatti reservoir from February, 2003 to January, 2005. The study revealed that there exists a fluctuations of the physical factors viz., rainfall, humidity, air and water temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and chemical factors viz., dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, bicarbonate and total dissolved solids (TDS). From the data it was also apparent that correlations between the physico-chemical factors and dynamics of phytoplankton could be seen. The simple correlation coefficient test revealed that the cyanophytes number was positively correlated with DO, nitrate, phosphate and negatively significant with total hardness, total alkalinity, EC, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, bicarbonate and TDS. They are inversely correlated with pH, chloride, rainfall and humidity. Bacillariphyceae are correlated with total alkalinity, bicarbonates, magnesium and TDS, whereas inverse correlation was found with rainfall, humidity, pH and phosphate. Desmids showed positive correlation with nitrates, while it was inversely correlated with chloride, rainfall and humidity. Dinophytes density was positively correlated with total alkalinity, EC, total hardness, calcium, bicarbonate, while it showed inverse correlation with rainfall, humidity and phosphate. However, it is obvious that the absence of significant difference between sampling stations for all these parameters in the Almatti reservoir indicated fairly homogeneous conditions and the water quality is also found to be homogeneous.

Water quality assessment of different sources of water in a village was carried out by taking selected significant parameters, namely temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (free CO2), alkalinity, hardness, calcium, phosphate, nitrate, chloride and coliform count. All these parameters were analyzed as per the standard protocol of American Public Health Association. Further, seven parameters (pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, nitrates and chloride) were used to calculate water quality index for assessing overall drinking water status of sampling sites. A survey of health status of population of the village was also conducted with the help of questionnaire and interview method to draw the relationship of water quality and health. All selected physicochemical parameters were found under prescribed limits as stated by Indian Standard 10500 and Central Pollution Control Board guidelines. The values for most probable number count were found above the permissible limit of drinking water indicating contamination of coliform at all sites. Further, water quality index for SN1, SN2, SN3, SN4 and SN5 was 17.61, 30.11, 69.73, 25.60 and 47.15, respectively. As per the water quality index, the water samples of natural springs which were away from village were classified under ‘excellent’ category as compared to supply water samples. The result of survey recorded 38% population suffered from dysentery, 23% from diarrhea and 17% from typhoid. The report of the survey and the presence of coliform suggest that drinking water contamination is leading to waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid. It is also suggested that water quality of all sites except SN3 was suitable for drinking purpose, but disinfection of coliform before use is warranted.

The Poma River in Arunachal Pradesh serves as the primary habitat for Aborichthys uniobarensis, an ornamental fish species endemic to biodiversity hotspot. The present study aimed to investigate the habitat characteristics of Aborichthys uniobarensis within the Poma River. Given the species' predominant presence in this river, understanding the water quality of the Poma River is crucial for further biological research, and of course conservation aspect of this fish species within in-situ as well ex-situ habitat. Over a two-year period (January 2018 to December 2019), the study assessed various physicochemical parameters (pH, water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), free carbon dioxide (FCO2), alkalinity, total hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity) at three sites along the Poma River with seasonal comparisons. Water samples were randomly collected in the morning between 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. Samples were analysed based on the standard methods of APHA (2012). The results indicated consistent conditions across sites but significant variations by season and year (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests). Minimum values recorded were pH 6.29, WT 18.62°C, DO 6.55 mgL-1, BOD 3.85 mgL-1, TDS 29.78 mgL-1, FCO2 3.89 mgL-1, alkalinity 37.25 mgL-1, total hardness 23.71 mgL-1, EC 57.22 µs/cm, and salinity 0.05 ppt, while maximum values were pH 7.42, WT 25.43°C, DO 7.80 mgL-1, BOD 5.42 mgL-1, TDS 71.12 mgL-1, FCO2 6.48 mgL-1, alkalinity 59.34 mgL-1, total hardness 45.62 mgL-1, EC 117.33 µs/cm, and salinity 0.07 ppt. Simpson correlation tests revealed significant positive and negative correlations among the parameters. PCA analysis highlighted that WT, DO, pH, TDS, BOD, and FCO2 (both physical and chemical factors) have a greater influence on supporting A. uniobarensis, other fish species and the overall health of the river. As the values of habitat parameters were within the acceptable range, the River Poma is congenial for A. uniobarensis along with other species available in this particular riverine habitat.

The study was made to investigate the potential physico-chemical water quality of Elengena beel. In this study 40 nos water samples were collected from 4 sampling sites (10 from each) of Elengena beel and had been analyzed for some water quality parameters and ranges of results were found as - water temperature, transperancy, depth, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-) and fluoride (F-). silicates (SiO2), free carbondioxide (FCO2), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), colour and odour. Nutrients were determined by following the standard procedures outlined in the American Public Health Association (APHA). The result showed that water temperature, transperancy, depth, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TA, TH, TS, TDS, SiO2 , F-CO2 , Cl- , NO3- , and PO43-were 19.9 ±0.28; 21.5 ± 0.71; 1.0 ± 0.23; 6.8 ± 0.15; 4.1 ± 0.34; 51.8 ± 2.32; 58.61 ± 3.22; 156.2 ± 1.2; 210.5 ± 0.2; 153.8 ±0.90; 170.2 ±0.60; 49.2 ± 0.85; 2.87 ± 0.02; 10.91 ± 1.32; 0.20 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.1 mg/L respectively. All the measured parameters were within the standard values of WHO. In general the present investigation found that the maximum parameters were not at a level of pollution. In order to stop further deterioration of Elengena beel water quality and to eventually restore the beneficial uses of the beel, management of effluents of Nagaon paper mill in the beel watershed should be given urgent priority.

Taiwan hot spring is rich in resources, in addition to the sodium bicarbonate spring, but also includes cold spring. Cold spring Including low temperature and rich in free carbon dioxide. Because the hot springs and cold spring characteristics are different and need for heating or cooling before soaking. Heating and cooling action of hot spring water quality of the situation is also different. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between water quality and temperature. In this study, four kind of cold springs were selected to temperature test. After heated the spring water, then let the springs cool down naturally. the test process at the same time measuring water quality changes. Draw relationship curves to observe the correlation between water temperature and water quality changes. The results show that the total dissolved solids (TDS) show a continuous increase during the test, which is the main factor affecting the cooling rate of hot spring. Conductivity is positively correlated with temperature, pH increased, free carbon dioxide decreases, oxidation reduction potential is higher with the reduction of the test process. Suao cold spring heating temperature exceed 50 °C, the free carbon dioxide value will drop below 500 ppm. Nantong cold spring temperature exceed 46 °C, the pH will be acidic to alkaline phenomenon.

The increasing demand for water in developing countries, driven by economic growth and rising living standards, has led to significant environmental challenges, including the degradation of river water quality. This study was carried out to study the effects of tidal events on the water quality of Sungai Perai Penang, Malaysia. Eight sampling sites were selected for the analysis of some water quality parameters during the neap and spring tides of January, February, April and May 2024. Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity (Sal), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Temperature (Temp) and Transparency (TRPC) were measured in situ. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Total suspended solids (TSS), Phosphate (PO4), Nitrite (NO2), Ammonia (NH3), and Chlorophyll-a (Chlrp a) were analysed in the lab using standard methods. The results showed that water quality parameters varied with the following ranges: EC (0.12- 413 µS/cm), TDS (73.23-98,466 mg/l), Sal (0.05 48.87 ppt), pH (6.4 to 7.8), DO (1.83-10.74 mg/l), BOD(0.24-7.14 mg/l), TSS (0.01-0.43 mg/l), PO4 (0.27-4.41 mg/l), TRPC (0.03-183 m). NO2 (63.83-109.6 μg/l), NH3 (0.5-0.74 mg/l), Temp (28.9-31.27oC), and Chlrp-a (0.26-6.89 μg/l). EC, TDS, Sal, pH, BOD, TSS, PO4, TRPC, and Chlrp a were higher during spring tide which could be due to increased tidal range and stronger currents causing greater mixing and movement of water. ANOVA results showed that TDS, Salinity, Temperature, and Chlorophyll-a showed significant spatial variation (p<0.05), while the other parameters did not vary spatially (p>0.05). EC, TSS, PO4, NO2, NH3, pH, TDS, TRPC, and Sal showed significant variation between spring and neap tides (T-test, p<0.05). Spring tides are found to have a more pronounced effect on water quality compared to neap tides. This study highlights the combined influence of tidal events, anthropogenic activities, and diurnal cycles on the river's water quality. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective monitoring and management strategies to mitigate the impacts of pollution and ensure the sustainability of water resources in tidal rivers.

The weighted arithmetic water quality index method was used to assess the water quality of anthropogenically-laden Anwai-river within the Asaba-capital territory of Delta State, Nigeria, in Stations 1(Otulu), 2(Isele- asagba) and 3(Anwai-Asaba) using pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, total hardness (TH) and coliforms, to determine its water quality status and its suitability for humans and aquatic biota. Aside from TDS, turbidity, and TH, other parameters such as pH (5.3-8.2), DO (2.0-2.8 mg/L), BOD (1.02-2.4 mg/L), EC (110-113 µS/cm), turbidity(2.3-5.2 NTU), TDS (8.0-16.0 mg/L), TH (30-62 mg/L), phosphates (0.13-0.28 mg/L), nitrates (0.05-0.27 mg/L) and Coliform (25.75-45.5 cfu/ml) indicated non-significant variableness (p>0.05) between Stations. Water depth, TDS, turbidity, TH, phosphate, nitrate and total coliform were significant contributors to the Anwai-river's water quality by Principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC1) exhibited 94.1% variance and a 0.1860 loading factor, while the second showed 5.9% variance and 0.0117 loading factor implying depth, flooding, excessive human activities and sewage disposal as important contaminants. Although the individual physiochemical-based water qualities were below the WHO recommended drinking water values translated into poor water quality by the weighted arithmetic water quality index at the three Stations; 86.83, 75.02 and 81.27 in Station's 1, 2 and 3 respectively, correspondingly poor to very poor based on Water quality index. The water of Anwai-river is a serious health threat to humans and aquatic organisms and thus, it should not be utilized untreated.

Changes in water quality index of Ganges river at different locations in Allahabad

The quantity of water is as important as the quality, since these affect the quantity and the quality of available water, water quality is used to express the suitability of water and sustainable to various uses or processes. It is affected by a wide range of natural and human influences, the most important of the natural influences is hydrological influence. The water qualities study was carried out in Ibadan using three landuse (urban, peri urban and rural) in slum areas of Ibadan were evaluated for these physicochemical parameters: temperature, total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO), from well, borehole, water from vendor or pipeborne, from 8 localities and 3 LGA in Ibadan. The results showed variations in the water quality parameters the slum areas. Water pH is lowest in Awotan and Apete of Ido LGA water source which makeup rural slums landuse. with water pH of 5.7 well and 5.8 borehole which is acidic, there is highest value of conc of Lead in these areas of (0.259 mg/l) compared to other landuse and locality, water is of best quality among water from vendors. Using the sig value of 0.05, that is no sig difference between the water quality in slum areas and WHO standards. Using Anova with physico-chemical parameters of water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, conc of zinc, and iron also having no significant. But a significant spatial variation of water quality of Lead concentration with the sig value of 0.033 and F value of 2.983. There is significant variation in different water source of water pH, total dissolved solid and dissolved oxygen. a sig value of 0.028, 0.031, and 0.000 respectively.

In Bangladesh around 7.5% of the fish is harvested from the rivers, being one of the main sources of fish in the country. The water quality of the river must be within standard values to maintain aquatic biodiversity. In this study, water quality, available spaces for fish, and socio-economic status of fishermen were analyzed to find their relationships in Kushiara River, Fenchuganj, Sylhet. Samples of water quality and fish species were collected from August 2017 to September 2021. At the same time, fishermen were surveyed to find out their economic status. The water quality analysis showed all the parameters analyzed (pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)) are within the range of international and Bangladesh standards for surface water. The pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS was respectively 7.1-7.99, 5.5 mg/l to 8.4 mg/l, 1 to 4.6 mg/l, 17 to 32 mg/l, 30 to 70 mg/l. Where the local standard is 6.5-8.5, more than 5 mg/l, less than 6 mg/l, 17 to 32 mg/l for pH, DO and BOD. The international standard is less than 34.2 mg/l. and 30 to 70 mg/l for COD and TDS in that order. A total of 40 species of fish are recorded in 2017 and 49 in 2021. The average income of a local fisherman was 3 USD to 15 USD in the off pick season (December- February), and 7 USD to 30 USD in the peak season (September-November). The fish merchant’s daily income was 4 USD to 20 USD in the off-peak season and 7 USD to 30 USD in the peak season. So all fisher man, fish traders can spend their life by fish catching and fish trading. Due to fish production those people can earn money and can fulfill their daily needs. It is concluded that the water quality was adequate for fish diversity and to sustain the socioeconomic condition of the fishermen and fish traders in the Kushiara River.

In the background of the ambitious ‘National Mission for Clean Ganga’ to clean, conserve and protect the River Ganga in a comprehensive manner, this study was undertaken to evaluate the status of Water Quality of Chandrabhaga river at Rishikesh, district Dehradun, India, between the Dhalwala bridge area and Mayakund area where it merges with the river Ganga, affecting adversely its water quality. The characteristics of Chandrabhaga river water were assessed during July to September 2017 by monitoring the water quality at most garbeged and contaminated five locations by determining physicochemical and biological parameters and metal ions. The observed values of dissolved oxygen (DO) varied from 0.4 to 1.29 mg/L, such a low DO, high biological oxygen demand (BOD, 21 ± 2.64 to 56 ±6.08 mg/L) and much high Coliform (1760 ±13.23 to3180 ±27.61 MPN/ 100 ml) at all the locations reflects the poor water quality of Chandrabhaga River. Recorded values of total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), alkalinity, phosphate, sodium, potassium and calcium exceeded the WHO standards. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed the highly positive correlations all the time between EC and TDS, TH and TDS, TH and EC, while during high flow period good correlations were recorded between alkalinity and pH, TDS, EC and TH. Irrigation water quality parameters such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) and Kelly’s Ratio was evaluated to test the suitability of river water for irrigation purpose.

Water quality testing was compulsory for management of safe and reliable water sources. Various sources of pollution and destruction of mangrove forest decrease the quality of river water. Thus a study was conducted to determine the water quality status of mangrove forest river water of Awat-Awat Lawas Sarawak and compare the water quality status of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river in that area. Samples from twelve sampling stations were collected from both mangrove forest river from October 2013 to March 2014. In-situ data collected (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductivity) and laboratory analysis (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total suspended solid (TSS)) were conducted according to the Standard method of Examination of Water and Wastewater AHPA 2005. Six water parameters: pH, DO, BOD, COD, AN and TSS value were used in calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI). Mean values for disturbed area were follows, pH (7.07), temperature (29.93°C), salinity (15.64 PSU), turbidity (55.13 NTU), DO (4.59 mg/L), BOD (0.73 mg/L), COD (10.16 mg/L), AN (0.14 mg/L), TSS (53.92 mg/L), TDS (23.14 mg/L) and conductivity (2.61 ms/m). Undisturbed area results were, pH (6.84), temperature (28.32°C), salinity (14.65 PSU), turbidity (35.41 NTU), DO (2.39 mg/L), BOD (0.55 mg/L), COD (15.82 mg/L), AN (0.13 mg/L), TSS (53.23 mg/L), TDS (22.82 mg/L) and conductivity (2.34 ms/m). There were no significant differences between two locations except for DO. Both water qualities of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river were found under Class III, which describe that the water bodies are in moderate quality status.

وقوع متناوب دوره های کم آبی و پرآبی درحوضه آبریز زرینه رود علاوه بر تأثیر روی وضعیت کمی آب های سطحی، باعث تغییراتی در کیفیت آب این حوضه شده است. لذا، مدل بندی و پیش بینی پارامترهای کیفی آب رودخانه زرینه رود در دوره های کم آبی و پرآبی، یکی از ضرورت های تحقیقاتی در این رودخانه پرآب شمال غرب ایران بوده است. در این مطالعه، روش های شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی به ازای پنج الگوریتم آموزشی مختلف و سامانه استنتاجی عصبی-فازی تطبیقی مبتنی بر مدل دسته بندی تفریقی، جهت تخمین میزان جامدات محلول TDS به کار گرفته شدند. بدین منظور از داده های کیفیت آب هفت ایستگاه هیدرومتری در حوضه آبریز مذکور با طول دوره آماری 18 ساله (1389-1372) استفاده گردید. ابتدا دوره مطالعاتی مذکور بر اساس میزان جریان در رودخانه به دو دوره کم آبی و پرآبی تفکیک شده، سپس در یک آنالیز اولیه آماری، پارامترهای مؤثر اصلی در تخمین TDS تعیین و برای مدل بندی استفاده گردید. برای مدل بندی 75 درصد داده ها برای کالیبره کردن و 25 درصد برای ارزیابی مدل استفاده شده است. ارزیابی عملکرد مدل های به کار رفته بر اساس آزمون های آماری مختلف، ضریب همبستگی، ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا و میانگین قدر مطلق خطا انجام گرفت. نتایج حاصل حاکی از عملکرد قابل قبول هر دو روش شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی با الگوریتم آموزشی لونبرگ-مارگارت و سامانه استنتاجی عصبی-فازی تطبیقی در دوره های کم آبی و پرآبی بود. مقایسه عملکرد روش های به کار گرفته شده، نشان داد که عملکرد روش عصبی-فازی تطبیقی در هر دو دوره مطالعاتی بهتر از شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی می‏باشد.