Assessment of urban rail train drivers’ emergency handling capability based on a physio-psycho-machine-environment-management multidimensional framework

China’s urban development has entered the stage of urban renewal, transitioning from large-scale incremental construction to stock enhancement and renovation. In response to challenges such as traffic congestion and land-use constraints, urban planning has increasingly prioritized the development of urban underground space (UUS) and urban rail transit (URT). However, disparities in development levels across cities, as well as the fragmented and uncoordinated integration of UUS and URT, remain significant challenges. While existing studies have predominantly examined UUS and URT independently, the interaction between the two has been largely overlooked. In order to supplement this gap, the aim of this study is to construct an integrated measurement framework and quantitatively assess the level of integration between UUS and URT in 38 Chinese cities. We seek to explore the interrelationship between the two, identify the differences in the integration process across cities, and discuss the potential implications for urban planning and policy making. Specifically, this study assembles an integration measurement index framework from three dimensions (UUS, URT, and urban development), quantitatively evaluates the integration level of 38 Chinese cities by using the entropy weighting and VIKOR methods, and summarizes the regionalization characteristics by using K-means clustering. The results of the study show that (1) there is a positive correlation between UUS development and URT construction and the degree of correlation is affected by the level of urban development; (2) the construction of URT is dominant in the integrated system of UUS and URT; (3) the sample cities can be classified according to the characteristics of the integration into the types of developing cities (47.37%), mature cities (21.05%), and underdeveloped cities (31.58%), and there is a clustering effect on the overall spatial distribution.

This paper briefly analyzes the characteristics of two new rail transit modes, namely, City area and city neighborhood, which forms a multi-system regional rail transit system by cooperating with national railways and urban rail transit. From the angle of transfer coordination, aiming at minimizing the waiting time of passengers, this paper optimizes the arrival and departure time of trains at transfer stations, and constructs an optimization model of transfer and connection between urban rail transit and multi-system regional rail transit. Fixed the national railway train plan and adjusted the arrival and departure times of urban rail transit trains to reduce the impact on the overall plan. Case studies show that the model can reduce passenger waiting time to a certain extent, and provide a reference for the coordinated development of multi-mode rail transit.

In order to improve the emergency management capability of urban rail transit system and reduce accidents during metro operation, an emergency management capability evaluation method combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed. Based on the Prevention Preparation Response Recovery (PPRR) model, factors influencing the emergency management capability of the urban rail transit system are summarized from the perspective of ‘human, machine, environment and management’. Then, an emergency management capability evaluation index system containing of 20 secondary indicators is constructed in four stages: emergency prevention, emergency preparation, emergency response and emergency recovery. The weights of indicators are calculated using the AHP method, and the closeness of each indicator to the optimal solution is analysed with the TOPSIS method. Finally, take the Beijing Metro Line 13 as an example to investigate the level of emergency management capability of urban rail transit. The results show that the emergency management capability of Beijing's urban rail transit system is ‘well’, among which hazard prevention measures (0.31) and emergency response team (0.34) have a greater weight on the emergency management capability of rail transit. The model can more accurately assess the emergency management capability of urban rail transit and provide a basis for emergency management.

The development of urban rail transit is a cause which should need huge investment. The current Chinese urban rail transit infrastructure is mainly manifested as an act of government investment. If inappropriately, it will not only cause a huge waste of money and a heavy financial burden upon the government, but also can be more likely to lead to a serious imbalance of the allocation of resources, so as to undermine the coordinated development of economic sectors, block social progress. From the perspective of sustainable urban development, the problems between the current urban rail transit and regional economic development was analyzed so as to reveal the relationship between the urban rail transit and regional economic development. The results show that the correct understanding of the economic construction of urban rail transit properties, promote and coordinate the relationship between the urban rail transit planning and economic development, can make China's urban rail transit construction and regional economic coordinated development The urban rail transit was characterized by a big amount of the transportation, safety, punctuality, saving energy, the high use of room and so on. It was recognized by the world-wide that the solution to the rail transit needs to be given priority to the development of it rather than other transportation tool in the transit system. In China, the urban rail transit not only had brought the solid transportation public more conveniently, but also it had been a significant symbol transportation modernization as well. Especially the best solution to get rid of traffic problem was to develop the public rail transit to the heavy loaded traffic in China. Meanwhile, the urban rail transit played a vital role in promoting the urban economy, improving the city ecological environment, optimizing the urban structure, and developing the regional economy which was coordinated with one another. With the increasing development of economy and the constant improvement of urbanization in China, the facilities of the urban rail transit had been rapidly developed as well. At present, there were some problems on the urban rail transit development plan and scale making urban rail

Rational planning for the underground space development in subway station areas, in coordinate with the urban rail transit development, has positive impacts on the sustainable development of cities. This paper induces the space syntax method for calculating the quantitative accessibility index of the urban rail transit and detects the coordination between urban underground space use intensity and rail transit system of the 7 selected subway lines in Tokyo. The results show that the station areas with higher accessibility index are the same sort with higher underground space use intensity. This means that the space syntax method is suitable and feasible for calculation of the quantitative accessibility index of subway lines. The higher the accessibility index is, the more underground space will be needed potentially in future. The areas with high accessibility of subway lines and low intensity of public underground space develop are the key districts under potential exploitation of underground space.

Study of Urban Rail Transit Operation Costs

With the growth of urban rail transit construction and operation scales，it is necessary to strengthen and deepen the studies on urban rail transit enterprise economic sustainability model. From the theoretical and practical angles, this paper reviewed the exploration and practice process of urban rail transit enterprise economic sustainability model, including the connotation of “metro operation + property development” profit model, as well as further studies and prospect. It suggests TOD model can improve the economic sustainability capability of urban rail transit enterprise, and set up a self-virtuous development cycle in rail transit industry.

With the rapid development of science and technology, Chinese urban rail transit has entered a newstage of intelligent development from the stage of rapid construction. Urban rail transit has the advantagesof high speed, large capacity and high density, which greatly facilitates modern life. However,urban rail transit is quite different from conventional ground transportation. Traditional informationtransmission methods cannot be well applied to urban rail transit. The maturity and commercial useof 5G mobile communication technology provide new ideas for solving the problem of informationtransmission in urban rail transit. Based on the salient features and key technologies of 5G communicationtechnology, this paper researches on key technonlgies 5G in rail transit scenarios to achievefast and efficient processing efficiency. It is a solution for intelligent operation and maintenance ofurban rail transit and high-definition video surveillance, and studies and analyzes the security of thesystem solution. This fills the gap of rail transit in these two fields, and provides dual guarantees ofsafety and service for urban rail transit construction. It provides a new direction for the applicationof future urban rail transit system.

The present study aims to develop a model for audit documentation quality using internet-based technologies based on a grounded theory approach. Methodologically, the study is descriptive-analytical and, in terms of its purpose, practical. Data collection methods include library research and field studies. In the qualitative phase, data collection tools included observations and interviews, while in the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was employed. The qualitative statistical population consisted of experts and specialists affiliated with the Iranian Association of Auditing. Data analysis from each in-depth interview was conducted using purposive snowball sampling until theoretical saturation and data adequacy were achieved (20 interviews were conducted to reach theoretical saturation). Sampling in the qualitative phase was performed non-probabilistically and purposively. In the quantitative phase of the study, aimed at validating the final model, the statistical population included all auditors from selected and accredited firms. The sample size for this phase was calculated using Cochran's formula, resulting in 373 participants. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was employed for analysis. In the qualitative phase, in-depth interview techniques were used, and in the quantitative phase, interpretive structural modeling (ISM), structural equations modeling (SEM), and fuzzy DEMATEL and fuzzy ANP techniques were applied. Using the interview technique, nine criteria were identified, and strategies for audit documentation quality using internet-based technologies were proposed based on a grounded theory approach. Interpretive structural modeling and structural equations modeling elucidated the relationships between variables and the preliminary model framework. The fuzzy DEMATEL results revealed that "organizational factors" had the most significant impact on audit documentation quality using internet-based technologies compared to other factors, with "managerial factors" ranking second. Additionally, "supervisory and technological factors" were the most influenced by other factors. Fuzzy ANP results indicated that organizational factors were the highest priority, followed by long-term relationships, with other criteria ranking third.

Measuring the resilience of an urban rail transit network: A multi-dimensional evaluation model

In recent years, with the accelerating process of urbanization, urban rail transit have been rapidly developing in China's megacities. From the experience of construction and operation of rail transit in our country at this stage, the transfer behavior between lines accounts for a great proportion in the total trip amount undertaken by rail transit due to the limitations of rail network coverage. Meanwhile, the consideration of coordinated transfer is comparatively insufficient. In this paper, In response to the characteristics of urban rail transit's transfer, and taken the convenience of the transfer between lines into consideration, the train operation plan of rail transit in non-peak period is optimized targeting on minimum cost of system transfer. And the optimization model of rail transit's train operation plan in non-peak period is obtained by proposing the computing method of total transfer cost. After checking the validity of the model, the new optimized train operation plan shows significant reduce of passenger's transfer time in non-peak period. The study can be used as reference to the optimization of train operation plan.

Achieving school effectiveness requires the empowerment of teachers within schools. Teacher empowerment is a critical factor in improving the quality of education, benefiting learners, teachers, schools, and the broader educational landscape. Therefore, the present study aimed to design and validate the managerial factors that influence the empowerment of student teachers. The research employed a sequential exploratory strategy with a mixed-methods approach (qualitative meta-synthesis – qualitative interviews – quantitative validation). Participants in the meta-synthesis phase included all Persian and English books, research studies, and scholarly works conducted in the field of empowerment between 2010 and 2024, resulting in the selection of 61 studies. In the interview phase, participants consisted of experts, professors, and specialists from teacher education universities who were engaged in the development and empowerment of students, student teachers, and related areas of educational development and human capital empowerment. Using purposive and snowball sampling, 17 experts were selected. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of student teachers enrolled during the 2024–2025 academic year, among whom 90 individuals were selected as the sample. Data collection instruments included a checklist for the qualitative meta-synthesis phase, semi-structured interviews with experts, and a researcher-made questionnaire for the quantitative phase. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by field specialists. For data analysis, thematic analysis was used in the qualitative phase, while descriptive and inferential statistics were applied in the quantitative phase using SPSS and SmartPLS 3.8 software. Overall, the findings indicated that managerial factors influencing the empowerment of student teachers can be conceptualized in three main domains: managerial styles (five components), management tasks (seven components), and managerial competencies (six components). The results of structural equation modeling confirmed the validity of the proposed model. Based on these findings, it appears that the process of enhancing teachers’ capabilities and performance, as well as formulating effective educational policies and practices, strongly depends on professional development activities.

With the continuous expansion of urban scale and the continuous increase of population, the pressure of urban traffic is increasing, so it is necessary to improve urban rail transit and better promote urban development and construction. At this stage, urban rail transit as an important tool of urban public transport, with fast, energy-saving and other advantages, so it has become an important part of urban infrastructure. Stable power system is the basis to ensure the stable operation of urban rail transit. However, traction power supply and electric power technology are needed to provide technical support in the operation of urban rail transit. This paper analyzes the content of this aspect and has a certain understanding of the relevant technology through the analysis of the article. Urge the relevant staff to conduct in-depth research, in order to obtain more advanced technology. With the gradual improvement of the reliability and advanced nature of the power grid, the self-healing ability has become the core function of the advanced power grid system in the future. This paper analyzes and compares the research status and technical characteristics of self-healing technology of distribution network system and rail transit power supply system, and points out the deficiency of self-healing of rail transit power supply system at present; by combing the fault scenarios and self-healing requirements of rail transit power supply system, this paper preliminarily analyzes the realization method of self-healing system, and puts forward an overall architecture of self-healing system. This paper first explains the causes of urban rail transit power system faults, then explains the fault types of urban rail transit power system, and finally explains the ways to deal with the faults of urban rail transit power system. With the continuous acceleration of urban modernization in China, urban rail transit has become the main force of urban transportation, providing people with more convenient travel, but also has a very high travel efficiency. It is precisely because of the characteristics of urban rail transit itself that it has become the darling of urban development, and many cities have plans to build rail transit.

Urban rail transit is an important transportation infrastructure that mitigates the congestion of the central city and realizes compact city space development. However, the literature on the spatiotemporal coupling of urbanization and rail transit from the urban scale and its influencing factors is still uncommon. Taking Beijing as an example, based on the theory of coupling coordination, we have constructed a comprehensive indicator system for regional urbanization (hereafter RU) (including population, economy, and spatial urbanization) and rail transit (hereafter RT). On this basis, we use the entropy method, coupling coordination degree model, and spatial autocorrelation analysis method to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of the overall and pairwise coupling coordination between population, economy, spatial urbanization, and rail transit. Finally, we analyze the spatial correlation and standard deviational ellipse analysis of the coupling coordination degree between RU and RT. The results indicate the following: (1) In addition to population urbanization, the other urbanization indicators and the RT level all show a downward–rising–falling trend from 2006 to 2017, among which the level of economic urbanization is the highest. The degree of coupling coordination between RU and RT is unbalanced development and shows a trend of first rising and then falling. (2) The degree of coupling coordination between RU and RT presents an imbalanced distribution in various regions, and the coupling coordination degree in the central urban areas is significantly higher than that in the outer suburbs. (3) From 2006 to 2017, the spatial correlation of the coupling coordination degree between the various systems has a similar changing trend. Moreover, the distribution of the spatial agglomeration points of the coupling coordination degree between RU and the RT is similar, showing a decreasing trend from the central urban area to the surrounding urban area. Therefore, relevant departments can rationally plan the construction of urban rail transit according to the coordination relationship between RU and RT and the spatial aggregation degree to realize the benign and sustainable development between urban especially suburbanization and rail transit.

The detection efficiency evaluation of sonars is crucial for optimizing task planning and resource scheduling. The existing static evaluation methods based on single indicators face significant challenges. First, static modeling has difficulty coping with complex scenes where the relative situation changes in real time in the task process. Second, a single evaluation dimension cannot characterize the data distribution characteristics of efficiency indicators. In this paper, we propose a multidimensional detection efficiency evaluation method for sonar search paths based on dynamic spatiotemporal interactions. We develop a dynamic multidimensional evaluation framework. It consists of three parts, namely, spatiotemporal discrete modeling, situational dynamic deduction, and probability-based statistical analysis. This framework can achieve dynamic quantitative expression of the sonar detection efficiency. Specifically, by accurately characterizing the spatiotemporal interaction process between the sonars and targets, we overcome the bottleneck in entire-path detection efficiency evaluation. We introduce a Markov chain model to guide the Monte Carlo sampling; it helps to specify the uncertain situations by constructing a high-fidelity target motion trajectory database. To simulate the actual sensor working state, we add observation error to the sensor, which significantly improves the authenticity of the target’s trajectories. For each discrete time point, the minimum mean square error is used to estimate the sonar detection probability and cumulative detection probability. Based on the above models, we construct the multidimensional sonar detection efficiency evaluation indicator system by implementing a confidence analysis, effective detection rate calculation, and a data volatility quantification analysis. We conducted relevant simulation studies by setting the source level parameter of the target base on the sonar equation. In the simulation, we took two actual sonar search paths as examples and conducted an efficiency evaluation based on multidimensional evaluation indicators, and compared the evaluation results corresponding to the two paths. The simulation results show that in the passive and active working modes of sonar, for the detection probability, the box length of path 2 is reduced by 0∼0.2 and 0∼0.5, respectively, compared to path 1 during the time period from T = 11 to T = 15. For the cumulative detection probability, during the time period from T = 15 to T = 20, the box length of path 2 decreased by 0∼0.1 and 0∼0.2, respectively, compared to path 1, and the variance decreased by 0∼0.02 and 0∼0.03, respectively, compared to path 1. The numerical simulation results show that the data distribution corresponding to path 2 is more concentrated and stable, and its search ability is better than path 1, which reflects the advantages of the proposed multidimensional evaluation method.