Abstract
Zinc ions and nano-sized zinc oxide had an embryotoxic effect on the sand dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis (Agassiz, 1864) at concentrations of 50–100 μg/L and completely inhibited larval development at concentrations of 200–400 μg/L. The effective concentrations (ЕС50) that caused disturbances of the fertilizing capacity of sperm and larval development of S. mirabilis were 490 ± 16 and 29 ± 4 μg/L for nano-sized ZnO and 6526 ± 99 and 67 ± 12 μg/L for zinc ions, respectively. Nano-sized ZnO affected the early development of S. mirabilis at lower concentrations than Zn2+ ions.
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