Abstract
The fact that European Union (EU) countries have adopted an ambitious plan to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 requires decisive action within the scope of innovation and of the level of energy consumption, especially of the energy from renewable sources. Being directed toward innovation within the scope of renewable energy technology, as well as the proper management of renewable energy consumption, are the main actions aimed at increasing the efficiency of using clean energy, and which also bring the EU closer to the implementation of the assumptions adopted in the European Green Deal. The aim of our study was to assess the progress toward the management of renewable energy consumption in the innovativeness context and the relationship between energy consumption and selected indicators of innovativeness in European Union countries. We present an original ranking assessment of the progress toward the management of renewable energy consumption and identify relationships between the energy consumption of selected energy sources (both renewable and non-renewable) and of selected innovation assessment indicators. The data used to develop the original rating were optimized using the procedures of the MULTIMOORA method, while the relationships between variables were identified through correlation analysis. Our findings provide evidence of significant relationships between the consumption of selected energy sources (in the group of non-renewable sources, e.g., peat and peat products and oil and petroleum products, and in the group of renewable sources, e.g., wind, biofuels, and renewable waste) and of selected indicators of innovation evaluation (e.g., human resources, finance, and support).
Highlights
Energy is an essential element, making it easier for people to function in society, creating the right conditions for work, development, and rest [1,2]
In our approach, the consumption of non-renewable energy sources was treated as a non-benefit criterion, while consumption of renewable energy sources was treated as a benefit criterion
The purpose of this paper was to assess the progress toward the management of renewable energy consumption and to identify any significant relationships between energy consumption by source and selected indicators of innovativeness in European Union countries
Summary
Energy is an essential element, making it easier for people to function in society, creating the right conditions for work, development, and rest [1,2]. Access to energy is one of the most important aspects of the prosperity and sustainable development of modern societies. Energy is present in all spheres of human life; for example, it is necessary both for the production and distribution of goods and for their use. The global energy system is facing challenges related to deregulation, new technologies, governance, policy, and changes in production structure [5]. Before the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the global energy demand was projected to increase by 45% by 2030 and by more than 300% by the end of the 21st century [3].
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