Assessment of the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of enterprises' economic development

This dissertation focuses on the impact of technological changes on workers based onthe task-based model. In the first chapter, I first investigate the impacts of two types of technologies on employment and job choices in the directed search model. The relationship between technology and labor with respect to complementarity and substitutability defines technology as labor-augmenting and labor-saving. Progress of labor-augmenting technology mainly works in jobs hiring highly-skilled workers in positive ways while labor-saving technological development affects jobs with middle-skilled workers in destructive ways during the last two decades in KLIPS data. The consequence of technological advances intensifies the advantage of highly skilled workers relative to unskilled workers. Then, the second part examines how employment and the adoption of new technology are affected if workers raise their skill level in response to technological changes. Two possible scenarios predict the results of an increasing supply of high-skilled workers. When firms voluntarily control the skill requirements, it causes the incidence of overqualification that increases the earning inequality, and labor-saving technologies worsen the problem in routine task jobs. However, technology innovation is accelerated. The price adjustment can naturally correct the oversupply of the highly skilled by changing the incentive to move up the job ladder. It is carried out through the reduced dispersion of technical developments and therefore decreased earning gap across tasks. In the second chapter, I examine how differently routine-biased technological changes affect unskilled workers by their innate ability and work experience. This chapter answers why some workers keep their jobs and others do not when labor-saving technologies take the worker’s role over. To focus on routine-biased technological changes, it covers high school graduates who might have either routine or manual tasks in the United States. In a random search model, workers follow the Nash bargaining wage to choose where to apply. Since the wage depends on productivity that varies by their innate ability and work experience, workers’ job search is delimited by their characteristics. The model simulates the impact of routine-biased technological changes with falling labor productivity in routine tasks, leading to wages dropping and routine jobs decreasing. From the lowest ability, those who were in the routine task sector are crowded out. The unemployment rate of unskilled workers increases even though more manual jobs are created due to lower wages. Work experience makes those who are exposed to a risk of separation survive. It distinguishes the high unemployment rate of

Since the 1930s there has been much focusing in research on the effects of technological change in industry and the wider economy. This paper aims to analyze the impact of radical technological change, that is drawn sheet glass and float glass, on the peripheral Scandinavian flat glass industry over the twentieth century. We focus on technological change from the viewpoint of the emergence of a dominant design and its diffusion, and we will apply in our analysis a modified version of the dominant design model proposed by organizational scientists. This model is useful in this case since it includes also the dimension of time. We will make the analysis more comprehensive by taking into account also the markets outside Scandinavia, i.e. in the rest of Europe and North America. This research therefore aims to increase our understanding ofthe impact on industry ofradical technological change.

This study aims to analyze the impacts of natural disasters (total affected and total damages), technological change and education on poverty rates using 38 selected developing countries over the period of 1984-2013. A panel regression method is used in estimating the model. The results show that more impactful natural calamities will increase the poverty rate (positive relationships), while the impact of technological change has brought the poverty rate down to the lowest level (negative relationships). However, this study finds positive relationships between technological change and poverty, with an increase in technology causing a rise in poverty. The study also reveals a negative relationship between education on poverty. This implies that improvements in education can play an important role in increasing welfare and reducing poverty in developing countries. The results of this study suggest that education might be the best solution for minimizing the impact of natural disaster and poverty avoidance.

The primary goal of Chinese agricultural development is to guarantee national food security and the supply of major agricultural products. Hence, the improvement of agricultural technology plays a vital role in China for economic development. Technological change in agricultural sector results in higher future economic growth as well as food security, both in food consumption and availability. By constructing China’s agriculture general equilibrium model (CGE), this paper explains the impact of agricultural technology change. This paper constructs a dynamic CGE model based on CHINAGEM model for analyzing the technology increase in China Agricultural sector and then describes the construction of database and policy scenario. Model such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to conduct analysis of the economy-wide impacts of new agricultural technologies in China. In the general equilibrium model, some external variables are established; any part of structural changes caused by its exogenous variables can affect the entire system, resulting in general changes of goods, prices and quantity of factor. Simulation result of this paper indicates the agriculture sector output increases respectively; employment decreases; production cost decreases; and investment increases. Finally this paper describes the effects of the policy of technology changes by comparing policy scenario to baseline scenario and explains the impact of technology changes in China economy using CHINAGEM model.

This book has examined the relationship between inequality, growth and technological change along two lines: first, the impact of wealth/income inequality on an economy’s growth rate (of output, capital, consumption and productivity), and, second, the impact of both technological change and capital accumulation on the income distribution. Concerning the latter line, the book has followed the recent literature in focusing primarily on the impact of technological change on earnings inequality.

Technical change greatly contributes to the explanation of economic structural changes. The aim of this paper is to measure the extension and the direction of structural and technological change. The impact of structural and technological changes on sectoral gross output was computed by breaking down the total change into the part due to changes in input-output coefficients (technological change) and the part due to changes and composition of final demand. The decomposition of structural change is based on the following questions. What were the engines of growth? What was the role and impact of technological change and which economies experienced the most and least structural change?

The impact of technological changes in military technology on warfare, military organizations, and peace has been investigated by a number of researchers but only very few explicitly refer to the effects of technological changes on the military recruitment systems. With the aim of filling this gap, this study, based on previous studies examining war history and military technology, hypothesizes that long-running trends in military recruitment systems, from professional armies to conscription or the other way round, can be explained by the changes in military technology. We assert that as military technology changed, so too did the skills required for those technologies, and, in turn, those need by the recruitment system and therefore the system itself. Although changes in military technology may explain the long-term cycles, one should keep in mind that we need the other determinants discussed in the literature to understand why different countries switched from one military recruitment system to another at different times throughout the cycle. Further studies, simultaneously taking into account both the impact of the changes in military technology as well as other variables, would improve our understanding of the determinants of the changes in military recruitment systems.

This study deals with the job satisfaction of women workers and managerial policies of garment companies in Bangladesh. The garment industry is the fast growing export sector of Bangladesh. More than three fourths of total foreign earnings of the country come from this sector. This sector has a low labor cost advantage in producing garments. The manufacturing technology of garment production has been changing from labor-intensive to more sophisticated and capital-intensive production. This change creates dissatisfaction for the lower skilled workers because of their inability to adapt to the new manufacturing process. Work dissatisfaction reduces the performance of workers and, in turn, company performance is negatively affected. Hence, the strategies related to the use of sophisticated technology and to manage human resources for the production of garments for the international markets are crucial. Therefore, this study evaluates the impact of technological change on job satisfaction of women garment workers in Bangladesh. It also explores the strategies for decreasing dissatisfaction of lower skilled workers. The study identifies the relationship between job satisfaction and the overall impact of the change. A set of job satisfaction variables was developed from the Technological Change Survey (Slem and Levi, 1995). The overall impact is defined as how workers see the impact of change on income and benefits to the family, and the identity they have as a wage earner. The specific relationship between job satisfaction and the overall impact shows that fair pay, task significance, bureaucracy, conflicts, and sharing information are significantly related. Task significance and information sharing are positively related to the overall impact. Fair pay, bureaucracy, and conflicts are negatively and significantly related to the overall impact. Less fair pay, high bureaucracy, and more conflicts cause a limited positive overall impact on women workers. The positive relationships to technological change include improvement of task significance, salary increase, improvement of the quality of supervision, improved co-workers relations and increase benefits. The negative consequences are unfair pay, work dissatisfaction, bureaucracy, conflicts between management and workers, decreased information sharing, and decreased promotions for workers. Managers, in such a situation, may not be able to resist the increasing change required because of the new technologies but they can do more to manage the change through reducing the level of unfairness in all respects, the level of bureaucracy, the level of conflicts between workers and management, and increasing information sharing with workers. This could be achieved through appropriate human resource policies such as, fair pay, rewards for work, attention to the subordinates' feelings, work redesign, communicating company goals to workers, sharing information, increasing benefits, increasing promotions, and above all providing more skill training to women garment workers.

Technological changes and trade are closely intertwined in the contemporary era. Technological advancements, particularly in the realms of communications, information technology, and patents, have played a crucial role in stimulating and reshaping international trade by influencing production methods and the quality of goods and services produced. This research aims to analyze and measure the impact of technological changes, represented by patent applications, on commodity exports in China. Employing the Threshold Regression model, the study examines the magnitude of this impact across various stages during the research period. The underlying hypothesis posits a positive correlation between technological changes and commodity exports in China throughout these different stages. To achieve this objective and validate the hypothesis, the research combines two methodological approaches. The deductive approach utilizes descriptive analysis in the theoretical framework, drawing upon economic theory and a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to technological changes and foreign trade. Conversely, the inductive approach employs quantitative analysis, leveraging econometric techniques to interpret the relationship between technological changes and foreign trade. The study relies on time series data spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. Following a series of econometric tests, the data was deemed suitable for analysis using the Threshold Regression model. The results of the Bai-Perron sequential test for threshold values revealed the existence of five thresholds for the dependent variable (patent applications) when testing for multiple structural breaks. The impact of these thresholds on commodity exports was positive and statistically significant across all five thresholds, with the greatest impact observed at the first threshold, followed by a gradual decline until reaching saturation levels in the subsequent thresholds. Based on these findings, the research recom

The paper focuses on the problem of structural transformation of the economy of a mountain agrarian region. Technological changes in the production functions of the agricultural sector cause adaptation of the employment structure and, as a consequence, the production structure of the economy of an open region in the medium term. The regional development of small mountain regions with a traditional structure of the economy largely depends on the trajectory for encouraging structural changes. We have presented a model of the impact of technological changes in the agricultural sector on structural changes in the economy of a mountain agrarian region in the medium term, and the classification of technological changes into three types: land-saving, labor-saving and neutral. The proposed model is a two-factor model of the aggregated production function in a small open regional economy, which describes the impact of technological changes on the transformation of the sectoral structure. In the model, the region is a small open agrarian economy with immobile production factors. The conditions of equilibrium in statics are considered and analyzed. It is evidenced that land and labor force as production factors are strong complements, which contribute to the outflow of labor force from the agricultural sector due to labor-saving technological changes in the agricultural sector. It is shown how the proposed model helps make a strategic choice of the program of agricultural extension in a small region with an open economy.

This article documents an innovative research project 'Monitoring the Impact of Technological Changes in Women's Employment in the Asian Region'. Initiated in 1994 by the United Nations University Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH), the project sought to democratise the dialogue around technological changes and globalization by bringing together NGOs active among women workers, academic researchers and policy makers. It was guided by the assumption that those affected by the impact of new technologies should play a major part in making and implementing policy. Women workers, for example, should be able to lay claim to the knowledge which circulates through international organizations, while national and international policy makers stand to gain by listening directly to groups such as these who frequently are excluded from the benefits of globalized technological changes. Twenty-eight trade union and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worked alongside experienced researchers, covering eight countries and holding a series of both country-based and international workshops. The first research project to attempt direct inter-communication on such an extensive scale, 'Monitoring the Impact of Technological Changes in Women's Employment in the Asian Region' shifted the debate on gender and technology onto the terrain of the actual problems and possibilities currently faced by women workers rather than adopting positions for or against technology. The collaborative research process highlights several priority areas of policy dialogue which have been neglected and indicate ways of organizing which could secure better conditions of work. The evidence uncoveredandthe concerns expressedraise fundamental questions about whose interests and values are shaping the emerging techno-economic paradigm.

Manufacturing industries are one of the most prosperous industries in the 21st century. No economy can continue its life without manufacturing industries. Therefore, evaluation the performance of firms is one of the most important issues of investors, creditors, governments and managers. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of technology changes in the relationship between lean manufacturing and the performance of manufacturing firms in Terengganu province. The research method is correlation and statistical population is all active companies in industrial towns of Terengganu province. The sampling method is convenience non-probability sampling. The sample includes 209 manufacturing firms. After collecting data by standard questionnaires, structural equation modeling technique with partial least squares approach was used to evaluate the relationships between variables. Totally data were analyzed by SPSS and PLS software. The result of the research hypotheses indicates the positive impact of cooperating with supplier and customer relationship management on the performance of firm's lean manufacturing. The positive impact of performance of lean manufacturing on the financial and non-financial performance of the firm was confirmed. The moderating role of technology changes in the relationship between the performance of lean manufacturing and firm's financial performance was confirmed. In addition, the moderating of technology changes in the relationship between the performance of lean manufacturing and non-financial performance of the firm was confirmed.

Several quantitative methods have been developed to evaluate the Impacts of technological change on U.S. agriculture. The major weakness of prevailing models is that they consider the impact of technology on supply alone and are based on partial equilibrium analysis in one market. The use of partial equilibrium analysis ignores cross-market effect. For most goods, a supply shift directly affects quantity demanded by reducing the price of the commodity along a given demand curve. The resulting change in the equilibrium price may affect demand for substitute and complimentary goods, which in turn affect demand for the commodity being considered. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze price effects and substitution effects of technological change in interrelated markets. An econometric model was developed and applied to the beef and pork industries to measure the social impacts of technological change. The multimarket supply-demand model developed in this paper includes technology variables in the specification of supply functions and the model explicitly accounts for the fact that technological change in one market influences demand for related products This paper evaluates the welfare impact of technological change through the consumer-producer surplus model that incorporates the interaction of demand relationships for beef and pork. The results indicate that total returns for technological change in beef and pork are high. Technological change in beef affects economic surpluses in the pork market and technological change in pork affects economic surpluses in the beef market. The actual allocation of expenditures for technological development over the study period (1960-1988) was 70% for beef and 30% for pork. However, the optimal allocation would have been a 40-60 split between beef and pork.

The environment and the impact of human activities on the environment have been at the center of attention recently, and air transportation is a contributor to environmental emissions. This paper presents a model that measures the impact of technology and policy changes on future emission levels of the air transportation. The resulting tool models the environmental performance of aircraft and the resource allocation of airlines in order to measure the fleet-wise environmental impact of changes in technology as well as to assess the degree to which policy changes on environmental metrics are achievable. The tool tracks environmental impact in three forms CO2, NOX and airport noise while assuming a benevolent monopolistic airline serves passenger demand. The results reflect key relationships between emission levels, passenger demand, ticket price and aircraft technology over a period of several years.

With the development of education technology, Smart classroom has evolved to version 2.0. Currently, the meta-analysis literature on the effects of smart classroom-based instruction on academic achievement ignores the impact of technological changes and time on the effect sizes. This study incorporated the impact of technological changes and time, and proposed an integrative algorithm suitable for meta-analysis of students' academic achievement in applying education technology. The research results indicate that the overall average weighted effect size is 0.8, revealing that smart classroom-based instruction has a larger positive effect on students' academic achievement than non-smart classroom-based instruction. In addition, the average effect size is affected by moderator variables such as smart classroom type and year, learning management system and year, teaching strategy, sample size (experimental group), and school location, but is not affected by educational stage, learning domain, and experiment duration. The advantages of the proposed algorithm include: (1) using this algorithm, we can understand the changes in the effect size with the different types of education technology and the passage of time; and (2) this algorithm provides a quantitative analysis process, which can be used as a reference for the related research.