Assessment of the Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Paederia foetida.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antitumor anthracycline used to treat a variety of malignancies; however, its clinical use is associated with noticeable hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the current study was designed to delineate if biosynthesized SeNPs with turmeric extract (Tur-SeNPs) could alleviate DOX-induced hepatic adverse effects. Mice were orally post-treated with Tur extract, Tur-SeNPs, or N-acetyl cysteine after the intraperitoneal injection of DOX. Our findings have unveiled a remarkable liver attenuating effect in DOX-injected mice post-treated with Tur-SeNPs. High serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin induced by DOX were significantly decreased by Tur-SeNPs therapy. Furthermore, Tur-SeNPs counteracted DOX-caused hepatic oxidative stress, indicated by decreased MDA and NO levels along with elevated levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, and mRNA expression levels of Nrf-2. Noteworthily, decreased hepatic IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 levels in addition to downregulated iNOS gene expression in Tur-SeNPs-treated mice have indicated their potent antiinflammatory impact. Post-treatment with Tur-SeNPs also mitigated the hepatic apoptosis evoked by DOX injection. A liver histological examination confirmed the biochemical and molecular findings. In brief, the outcomes have demonstrated Tur loaded with nanoselenium to successfully mitigate the liver damage induced by DOX via blocking oxidative stress, and inflammatory and apoptotic signaling.

Antioxidant activity of Peucedanum pastinacifolium Boiss. & Hausskn aerial part hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and polyphenolic extract (PPE) as well as their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were studied. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were respectively estimated as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents. The in vitro antioxidant activity of two extracts of P. pastinacifolium were evaluated by radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), chelating activity on ferrous ions, or ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. In addition, the in vivo antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract was measured by FRAP assay. Total phenolic contents of PPE and HAE were 117.1 ± 6.2 and 44.3 ± 1.7 mg/g, respectively. Total flavonoid content of PPE (43.4 ± 2.1 mg/g) was found to be higher than that of HAE (8.0 ± 1.5 mg/g). In DPPH radical scavenging assay, HAE and PPE showed fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 469.4 ± 9.3 μg/mL and 128.2 ± 5.5 μg/mL, respectively. Iron chelating activity assays indicated IC50 values of 657.5 ± 13.2 μg/mL and 735.4 ± 16.1 μg/mL for HAE and PPE as opposed to ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) being 16.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL. PPE exhibited greater FRAP value (154.0 ± 1.8 μM) as compared with that of HAE being 69.3 ± 1.4 μM. In animal study, HAE showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in FRAP level when compared with that of control group. Our results showed that P. pastinacifolium possess antioxidant properties which most likely are exerted through free radical scavenging, chelating activity, and reducing power.

Aim: Prediction of severity of COVID 19 infection in pregnant population is very important to management. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between COVID 19 infection severity and routine hematologic/biochemical laboratory tests. Material and Method: In this retrospective study the hematologic parameters of pregnant women with COVID 19 were investigated. The patients were allocated into 5 subgroups as asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe and critical. Presenting symptoms were identified. Laboratory test results detected at the first admission were compared between groups. Results: A total of 343 patients were included in the study. The most common symptoms were cough (n=74, %21.6) and fatigue (n=46, %13.4). Statistically significant differences observed at following parameters. The mean Hb level was lower (p=0.001) and WBC, neutrophil, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin levels were higher in critical group (p=, 0.005, 0.001, 0.000, 0.015, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.007 respectively). The mean lymphocyte and monocytes levels in the severe group were lower (p=0.000, 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the mean eosinophil levels in the asymptomatic group was higher (p=0.002). Conclusion Low Hb, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil levels and high WBC, neutrophil, ALT, AST, GGT, total bilirubin and LDH levels are associated with more severe disease. Monitoring of these tests may provide guidance for the prediction of the severity of the COVID 19 infection among pregnant women. Key Words: Complete Blood Count, COVID 19, laboratory, pregnancy, symptom, Conclusion Low Hb, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil levels and high WBC, neutrophil, ALT, AST, GGT, total bilirubin and LDH levels are associated with more severe disease. Monitoring of these tests may provide guidance for the prediction of the severity of the COVID 19 infection among pregnant women.

<strong>Background and objectives</strong><em>: </em>Free radicals and other oxidants have important roles in liver cell toxicity. Some natural products are potent scavengers of oxidative agents. <em>Crocus caspius</em> is an endemic species of Caspian forest. Flowers of Crocus genus contain phenolic compound and carotenoid as antioxidant agent. This study investigated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of <em>Crocus caspius</em> Fisch and Mey flowers (Caspian saffron) hydro-alcoholic extract (CCFE) against acute oxidative hepatotoxicity induced by CCl₄ in mice. <strong>Methods:</strong> The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. <em>Crocus caspius</em> flowers were investigated for presence of certain phytochemicals and total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined. For evaluation of hepatoprotective activity, the BALB/c mice were pre-treated with 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, of the extract intraperitoneally for 5 days and then received CCl₄ (0.5 mL/kg, in olive oil). Liver injury was determined by serum biochemical markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutathione content of liver tissue and histopathological studies. <strong>Results:</strong> The phytochemical screening in Caspian saffron flowers indicated the presence of carotenoids, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, and tannins. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC₅₀ 171.5 µg/mL). Pre-treatment groups with the extract demonstrated significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP (p<0.05) and concomitant increase in GSH content (p<0.05). Histopathological observation determined hepatocellular protective effects of the extract. <strong>Conclusion</strong><em>: </em>The results represented the protective activity of the extract against oxidative hepatotoxicity.

Objective Identifying patients at high risk of steatotic liver disease (SLD) is crucial. The liver fibrosis stage is the most reliable marker of liver-related mortality. However, non-invasive risk stratification methods remain controversial. Therefore, we analyzed the risk of liver-related events in patients who underwent a liver biopsy for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) or cryptogenic SLD at our hospital. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course of the patients to identify the occurrence of liver-related events. Patients This study included 146 patients diagnosed with SLD through a liver biopsy. Results Liver-related events occurred in 20 patients and were more frequent in those with advanced fibrosis than in those without advanced fibrosis. However, patients with advanced steatosis exhibit reduced disease progression. Patients with obesity and/or diabetes complications had a lower stage of fibrosis and better prognosis than the others. The non-invasive fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prognosis-related "NAFLD outcomes score (NOS)" effectively differentiated patients with disease progression. Standard laboratory data analyses revealed that high total bilirubin and low albumin levels were risk factors. A multivariate analysis with significant factors other than NOS score revealed that the absence of obesity and/or diabetes complications, a high FIB-4 index, and a high total bilirubin level were independent factors for liver-related events. Conclusion A high NOS score, absence of obesity and/or diabetes complications, a high FIB-4 index, and high total bilirubin levels are risk factors for disease progression. Patients with lean phenotypes or non-diabetic SLD should also be assessed using non-invasive markers to determine their risks and potential outcomes.

Aim: To assess the phytoconstituents, total flavonoid, phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Lepidagathis spinosa wight ex Nees. (L.spinosa). Objective: To assess the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of L. spinosa with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydro alcohol extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using spectrophotometric method. The total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities of various extracts were estimated against DPPH, Hydroxy radical and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Results: The hydro alcohol extract of the whole shrub revealed the maximal polyphenol content when correlated with the other solvent extracts. Total phenolic content of the hydro alcohol extract was found to be 33.53 of GAE/g dry weight of samples. Flavonoid content was found to be 19.63333 mg of quercetin equivalents/g dry weight of the extract. All the extracts were exposed significant antioxidant activity and hydro alcohol extract showing highest antioxidant ability in association with the polyphenol contents. Based on the IC50 values, hydro alcohol extract of the plant revealed the potent DPPH, Hydroxy radical, Nitric oxide radical scavenging ability. Conclusion: This study suggests that hydro alcohol extract of L. spinosa could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and justifies its traditional use in ethnomedicine.

Increased Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hospitalized Patients with Alcohol Related Hepatitis after the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Global Multi-Center Propensity Matched Analysis

Prognostic Value of Total Bilirubin in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Coronary Intervention

Ficus exasperata has been used to treat ulcer, diabetes, fever, and a variety of stress-related disorders. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of drug-induced acute liver injury. In this study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract of F. exasperata (EFE) on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Rats were pretreated with EFE (150, 250, 500 mg/kg) and thereafter received 250 mg/kg APA intraperitoneally (i.p.). The normal control group received distilled water, while the negative control group received 250 mg/kg APAP, respectively. Hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress-antioxidant parameters were then assessed. Flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, but not phenolics were detected by EFE phytochemical analysis. No mortality was recorded on acute exposure of rats to varying concentrations of APAP after 24 h; however, a dose-dependent increase in severity of convulsion, urination, and hyperactivity was observed. APAP overdose induced high AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin levels in the serum, invoked lipid peroxidation, depleted GSH, decreased CAT, SOD, and GST levels, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) level, myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, COX-2, MCP-1, and IL-6 were also increased. Importantly, pretreatment of rats with EFE before acetaminophen ameliorated and restored cellular antioxidant status to levels comparable to the control group. Our results show and suggest the hepatoprotective effect of F. exasperata and its ability to modulate cellular antioxidant status supports its use in traditional medicine and renders it safe in treating an oxidative stress-induced hepatic injury.

To isolate, identify and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective potentials, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, tannin content of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., isolated from Euphorbia hirta. Hepatoprotectivity of ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., was evaluated by CCl4 induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and subsequently analysed for cell viability using MTT assay. It also demonstrates antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials by DPPH radical scavenging assay and well diffusion assay respectively. Quantification of total phenolic content, tannin content and flavonoid content were assessed by spectroscopic methods. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were the phytochemicals present in ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., with rich phenolic content exhibited potent hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The hepatoprotective activity was recorded as of 72.13%±2.948% of cell viability at a concentration of 150μg/mL, whereas the standard silymarin showed 93.260%±0.784%. It was observed to be dose dependent, when CCl4 exposed HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. Antibacterial activity showed significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antioxidant activity ranged from 66.890%±1.385% to 87.340%±0.289% with (44.02±1.57) μg of total phenolics, (54.54±1.82) μg of flavonoid content and (18.790±1.018) μg of tannin content. Ascorbic acid, BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluene) Gallic acid and Pyrogallol were used as standards which showed 98.370%±0.763%; 97.080%±0.636%; 94.890%±1.103% and 96.980%±0.098% reducing potential respectively. The results reveal that the metabolites produced by endophytic fungi isolated from Euphorbia hirta could be novel natural products that could lead to new drug discovery.

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of the hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Hemionitis arifolia.&#x0D; Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid and alkaloid contents were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The free radical scavenging activity of the leaf hydroalcoholic extract were evaluated against DPPH+, ABTS+, Reducing power assay and nitric oxide assay were determined.&#x0D; Results: The hydroalcoholic concentrate of H. arifolia uncovered the most elevated polyphenol content when contrasted and the other phytoconstituents. Absolute phenol content of the hydroalcoholic separate was observed to be 31.78%, flavonoid content is 1.02% and Alkaloid content is 30.40% individually. The Solvent concentrates showed huge cell reinforcement movement, with hydroalcoholic extract. ABTS Assay, DPPH assay, Reducing power assay and Nitric oxide assay where the Inhibition concentration were 667.75µg/ml, 734.25 µg/ml, 791.58 µg/ml and 899.67 µg/ml.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study suggests that hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of H. arifolia could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and justifies its use in ethno-medicine.

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a major public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries. The study aimed to find out how interleukin IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the blood affect the virological response to directacting antivirals (DAAs) and to find useful clinical or immunological markers for the response to HCV treatment. CHC patients from a real Egyptian population (n = 4,300), who were treated during the Egyptian national initiative to eliminate HCV at the Sherbin Central Hospital, Dakahlia Governorate, Ministry of Health, Egypt, were enrolled in our study. They were all patients who did not obtain a sustained virological response (SVR) (n = 75; non-responder; the response rate was 98.26%), and a total of 100 patients were randomly selected from patients who obtained SVR (responder) and were age- and gender-matched (p > 0.05) with non-responder patients. Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by commercial ELISA kits. Non-responder patients were associated with significantly high levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin. Non-responders had significantly (p < 0.05) higher baseline IL-6 (16.7 ± 4.92 pg/mL) and IL-8 (37.81 ± 10.55 pg/mL) levels compared to responders (12.68 ± 2.06, 29.06 ± 5.94 pg/mL, respectively). There was a substantial (p < 0.05) association between the combination of two cytokines and a high likelihood of treatment failure, as indicated by all parameters examined, with the highest correlation values seen. The present study showed that increased IL-6 and IL-8 were associated with HCV treatment failure. Also, IL8 was associated with hepatic fibrosis.

Background: The present study investigates the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the 50% hydroalcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica leaves. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. TPC and TFC were analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging assay at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was assessed in A549 human lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay with extract concentrations from 0 to 1000 µg/mL. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids, with total phenolic content measured as 9.25 ± 0.081 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g 50% hydroalcoholic extract and total flavonoid content as 4.33 ± 0.24 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g 50% hydroalcoholic extract. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay across extract concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL. The 50% hydroalcoholic extract exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 48.56 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against A549 human lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay, with treatments administered at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 μg/mL. The extract demonstrated significant cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 4.76 μg/mL. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Q. indica may serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities, warranting further investigation through in vivo and mechanistic studies.

642 Background: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is characterized by inadequate secretion of digestive enzymes. EPI is associated with increased risk for pancreatic cancer as well as increased risk for diabetes and consequently cardiometabolic (CM) risk equivalents. Emerging data suggest patients with cancer also have increased CM risk equivalents. To explore the cardiovascular risk associated with both EPI and cancer, we sought to describe and compare CM comorbidities and surrogates in patients with EPI vs cancer. Methods: A retrospective observational electronic chart analysis was done at Ochsner Health, Louisiana, spanning records from January 2017-2020 comparing two cohorts: patients with EPI (n=677) and patients with Cancer (n=1432). Results: The Cancer cohort was older (65.1 ± 11.9 yrs) than the EPI cohort (54.2 ± 17.6 yrs) (p &lt; 0.05). The Cancer cohort had higher AST levels (63.2 ± 106.2 U/L [nl 8-33 U/L] at start, 84.9 ± 447.3 U/L at end) vs the EPI cohort (50.2 ± 86.9 U/L at start, 65.4 ± 368.9 U/L at end) (p &lt; 0.05). The Cancer cohort also had higher ALT levels (69 ± 111.4 U/L (nl 7-55 U/L) at start, 58.5 ± 141.2 U/L at end) vs the EPI cohort (48.7 ± 79.5 U/L at start, 41.4 ± 100.3 U/L at end) (p &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were seen in Cancer cohort vs EPI cohort for A1c, TG, amylase, lipase, cholesterol, uric acid, tobacco/alcohol use, or blood pressure levels. Within the Cancer cohort, there was an increase in neuropathy (11% at the start vs 26.9% at end [p &lt; 0.05]), CHF (3.63% at the start vs 11.5% at end [p &lt; 0.05]), and HTN prevalence (29.9% at the start vs 66.1% at end [p &lt; 0.05]). Cancer patients also had decreased weight (175.2 ± 46.5 lbs at start, 163.8 ± 43.4 lbs at end [p &lt; 0.05]) and BMI (27.3 ± 6.5 at start, 25.7 ± 6.4 at end [p &lt; 0.05]). Among the general cancer cohort, no statistically different changes were seen in hypoglycemia, DKA, retinopathy, nephropathy, ESRD, dialysis, HLD, NAFLD, OSA, CAD, CVD, PAD, hyperuricemia, or gout prevalence over the period of observation or in comparison to EPI cohort. Conclusions: Patients in the Cancer cohort in this study have some indices of greater CM risk compared to those with EPI. Though older, they had significantly higher AST and ALT levels compared to EPI cohort. Over the 3 years of observation, cancer patients developed a statistically significant increase in neuropathy, CHF, and HTN prevalence, and decrease in weight and BMI. These changes may reflect consequent morbidity related both to natural disease progression and/or effects of cancer treatments such as chemotherapy.

INTRODUCTION. Red-stem buckwheat ( Fagopyrum rubricaulis , Polygonaceae family) is characterised by a high content of flavonoids, primarily rutin. The aerial parts of the plant also contain quercetin, isoquercetin, orientin, vitexin, isoorientin, and other compounds. F. rubricaulis has antioxidant, cardioprotective, hypoglycaemic, and antibacterial pharmacological effects, which are attributed to the complex of flavonoids in the plant. Therefore, F. rubricaulis herb can be standardised using the content of total flavonoids. However, Russian publications lack information on the standardisation of F. rubricaulis herbal drugs. This motivates the development of an analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in F. rubricaulis . AIM. This study aimed to develop and validate an analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in F. rubricaulis herb by spectrophotometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study involved extracting F. rubricaulis herb samples using several extraction solvents (purified water and 40%, 70%, and 95% ethanol). The presence of flavonoids in the herbal drug was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The content of flavonoids in F. rubricaulis herb was determined using a spectrophotometric procedure based on measuring the absorbance of the test solution in the presence of aluminium chloride. The analytical procedure was validated according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (edition XV). RESULTS. The TLC identification confirmed that the F. rubricaulis herb hydroalcoholic extracts contained flavonoids. The analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of flavonoids by differential spectrophotometry involved preliminary single-step hydroalcoholic extraction (herbal drug sample size: 1 g, accurately weighed; fragment size: ≤2 mm; extraction solvent: 40% ethanol; sample-to-solvent ratio: 1:25; extraction time: 30 minutes). The absorption maxima of the complexes of flavonoids with aluminium chloride were at 410 nm, which corresponded to the absorption maximum of the rutin standard solution. The content of total flavonoids was expressed as rutin. The analytical procedure was validated for specificity, linearity, repeatability, and intermediate precision. The developed analytical procedure was used to test 4 samples of F. rubricaulis herb manufactured by Parafarm LLC. The content of total flavonoids (expressed as rutin) ranged from 9.15±0.20% to 9.55±0.11%. CONCLUSIONS. This study developed and validated a spectrophotometric analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of the content of total flavonoids (expressed as rutin), which can be used to standardise F. rubricaulis herbal drugs.