Assessment of Serum P53, GPX, SOD and CA15-3 Levels in Breast Cancer Patients Under Treatment: A Cross-sectional Study in Basrah, Iraq

Background: Hypertension is consistently related to the development of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Oxidative stress has been associated with mechanisms of hypertension which could be nullified by antioxidants such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (i) To estimate the impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients; (ii) to measure serum levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hypertensive patients before and after giving them antioxidant therapy for 45 days. Materials and Methods: Thirty randomly selected hypertensive patients were given Supradyn tablet once a day for 45 days. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), SOD, GR, GPx, and reduced Glutathione assays were measured before and after the intervention therapy. Results: Total antioxidant capacity as measured by serum FRAP in hypertensive patients before and after the therapy was increased significantly from 578.8 ± 60.85 to 592.1 ± 59.66 (μmol/L), respectively. The levels of SOD, GPx, GR, and Glutathione in hypertensive patients before giving antioxidant therapy were 1.6 ± 0.49 U/ml, 184.6 ± 17.1 μmol/L/min, 8.96 ± 1.15 μmol/L/min, and 8.03 ± 0.96 μmol/g of Hb, respectively. The same after giving them antioxidant therapy were 1.7 ± 0.46 U/ml, 182.4 ± 15.98 μmol/L/min, 8.83 ± 1.11 μmol/L/min, and 7.83 ± 0.94 μmol/g of Hb, respectively. The levels of GPx, GR, and Glutathione were significantly decreased after giving antioxidant therapy for 45 days while SOD level did not change significantly. Conclusion: Antioxidant therapies for 45 days led to a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity as shown by plasma FRAP levels and a significant decrease in serum levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as GPx, GR and Glutathione in hypertensive patients. However, serum levels of SOD did not show a significant change.


 Objective The mean body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of obese and overweight individuals increasing substantially worldwide during the previous three decades. Variation in gut microorganisms might play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity, but the mechanisms by which gut microbiota promote metabolic disturbances are not well understood. Exercise is associated with altered gut microbial composition, but few studies have investigated whether the gut microbiota and associated metabolites are modulated by exercise training in humans. We explored the impact of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on serum oxidant and anti-oxidant indexes and gut microbiota.
 Methods All 40 young male volunteers are enrolled in the study, the lean ones (n=11), which BMI≤22 are as control group. And the obese ones (n=29), which BMI > 28 participated in the 8 weeks aerobic exercise. The body weight and BMI of each volunteers were recorded. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were measured by ELISA. The composition and diversity of gut microbiota were analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing.
 Results ① Compared with the control, the level of serum GPx, SOD and TAOC decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and the MDA increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the obese group. After the 8 weeks aerobic exercise intervention, the MDA level decreased significantly (P＜0.01), the TAOC level increased significantly (P < 0.01), and there were no significant changes in the level of GPX and SOD.
 ② Compared with the control, the ratio of Bifidobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Verrucomicrobiaceae decreased significantly(p＜0.05) in the obese group, and the ratio of Ruminococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae increased significantly (P＜0.05). After the 8 weeks aerobic exercise intervention, the ratio of Bifidobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae increased significantly (P＜0.05)，and the ratio of Ruminococcaceae reduced remarkably (p＜0.05). The ACE index was significantly increased after the intervention (P < 0.05).
 ③ Through the correlation analysis of the data above, there was a certain correlation between the serum oxidant/anti-oxidant indexes and gut microbiota composition. After the aerobic exercise, there was a positive correlation between MDA and Ruminococcaceae、TAOC and Bifdobacteriace (P＜0.05)；a negative correlation between MDA and Bifdobacteriace、TAOC and Ruminococcaceae (P＜0.05). After 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, MDA level was negatively correlated with ACE index (r=-0.466，P＜0.05).
 Conclusions ① Compared with the control, there was a significant increase of serum oxidation index and the serum anti-oxidation index dropped significantly among the obese subjects, which indicated that the accumulation of serum free radicals might be one of the causes of obesity. The 8 weeks aerobic exercise intervention can enhance the antioxidant capacity effectively.
 ② Compared with the control, the proportion of Bifidobacteriaceae in the obese group was significantly decreased, and the proportion of the bacteria with direct correlation to obesity, such as Ruminococcaceae increased significantly. 8 weeks aerobic exercise could inverse these changes among the obese subjects, suggested that the improvement of body phenotype of obese subjects was closely related to the effective regulation of their gut microbiota structure.The change of ACE index indicated that aerobic exercise could increase the diversity of gut microbiota.
 ③ Combined the correlation analysis of gut microbiota diversity index showed that there were tight correlation between the serum oxidant/anti-oxidant indexes and the gut microbiota composition and structure. It might caused metabolic disorders and eventually increased fat accumulation and changed the host body phenotype.
 
 

Associations of the fatty acids with the concentration of antioxidant enzymes in the blood in men with coronary heart disease

Objective: To investigate the role of ferroptosis in renal cell injury induced by diquat (DQ) . Methods: From January to October 2022, human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells were treated with DQ for 48 h, and different doses of ferroptosis inhibitors [deferoxamine (DFO), Fer-1] were added, and cells were harvested 24 h later. The experiment was divided into 6 groups (n=6) : control group, DQ group (60 μmol/L), 20 μmol/L DFO (DFO-H) group, 10 μmol/L DFO (DFO-L) group, 5 μmol/L Fer-1 (Fer-1-H) group, 0.5 μmol/L Fer-1 (Fer-1-L) group. From December 2022 to June 2023, male C57bl/6 mice were selected to establish the animal model, and the experimental group was divided into 4 groups (n=6) : control group, DQ group (25 mg/kg), DFO group (100 mg/kg) and Fer-1 group (2.5 μmol/kg). The changes of renal tissue were detected by HE staining. The fluorescence probe of ferrous ions was used to detect the change of iron ions in cells, and the colorimetric determination of total iron and ferrous ions in mouse kidney tissues was performed. Reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein expression changes related to ferroptosis signaling pathway. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the changes of antioxidant-related proteins and oxidative stress-related products. Differences among groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: In vitro test, compared with the control group, the iron ion level of HK-2 cells in DQ group was increased, the mRNA and protein expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH) were decreased, the mRNA and protein expression levels of transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) were increased, and the apoptosis level was significantly increased (P<0.05). The expression levels of glutathione (GSH) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) in HK-2 cells in DQ group were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05), and the expression levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Compared with DQ group, iron ion levels in HK-2 cells in the intervention groups of DFO and Fer-1 at different doses were decreased (P<0.001), and GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH mRNA and protein expression levels were increased, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of TFR1 and DMT1 were decreased in DFO-H and DFO-L groups (P<0.05). The apoptosis levels in the intervention groups of DFO and Fer-1 at different doses were decreased compared with DQ group (P<0.001), the expression levels of GSH and SOD were higher than those in DQ group (P<0.05), and the expression levels of ROS were lower than those in DQ group (P<0.05). In vivo, HE staining showed that the renal tissue of DQ group mice had obvious renal tubular epithelial cell injury with inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with DQ group, DFO group and Fer-1 group had less damage of renal tubular epithelial cells and less inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the control group, the total iron content and ferrous iron content in kidney tissue of mice in DQ group were increased, the mRNA and protein expression levels of GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH were decreased, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TFR1 and DMT1 were increased, and the apoptosis level was increased in DQ group (P<0.05). The levels of GSH and SOD in DQ group were lower than those in control group, while the levels of MDA and ROS in DQ group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Compared with DQ group, the total iron content and ferrous iron content in DFO group, and ferrous iron content in Fer-1 group were decreased (P<0.001), the mRNA and protein expression levels of GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH in kidney tissues of mice in DFO group and Fer-1 group were increased (P<0.05), and the mRNA and protein expression levels of TFR1 and DMT1 were decreased (P<0.05). The level of apoptosis in DFO group and Fer-1 group was lower than that in DQ group (P<0.001). Compared with DQ group, the expression levels of GSH in kidney tissues, and the expression levels of SOD in serum and kidney tissues in DFO group were increased (P<0.05), and the expression levels of GSH and SOD in serum and kidney tissues in Fer-1 group were increased (P<0.05). The expression levels of MDA and ROS in serum and kidney tissues of DFO group and Fer-1 group were lower than those of DQ group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Ferroptosis may be involved in renal cell injury induced by DQ poisoning, and ferroptosis inhibitor may alleviate DQ-induced renal injury by inhibiting ferroptosis.

In addition to the well-described implications of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), free radicals are also effective on bone metabolism. The antioxidant vitamins C and E play an important role in the production of collagen, mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts, and bone mineralization. Therefore, the incidence of osteoporosis and the risk of fractures were decreased with vitamin C and E. It was proposed that free oxygen radicals are responsible for biological aging, atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis, and osteoclastic activity via their negative effects on the cell and DNA. In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the levels of free radicals and serum antioxidant activity in patients with PMO and healthy subjects before and after six-month treatment with risedronate, which is an inhibitor of bone resorption. Twenty-three postmenopausal patients aged between 52-83 (mean [± standard deviation] 67.6 ± 8.17) with T scores below -2.5 in femur neck or L1-L4, and 23 postmenopausal healthy subjects were enrolled into the study. Patients who had received any medications within the last 6 months that could alter bone metabolism were excluded. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were analyzed in both groups. The patients with PMO were commenced on 5 mg of risedronate, 1,200 mg of calcium, and 800 IU of vitamin D daily. The patients were reevaluated at the end of the sixth month. MDA and SOD levels were similar in patients with PMO when compared to the healthy group before the treatment, while the GPx levels were lower in patients with PMO (P = 0.014). GPx (P = 0.028) and MDA (P = 0.04) levels were increased in patients with PMO after the treatment. In contrast, SOD levels were decreased when compared to the initial levels (P = 0.006). There may be an insufficiency in different steps of the enzymatic antioxidant systems in patients with PMO without treatment. We observed an increment in lipid peroxidation levels and GPx levels with risedronate. We think that the decrement in SOD levels may be related with the utilized antioxidants due to the increased free radicals and the compensatory increment in the other steps of the antioxidant system.

Impact of generic antimalarial or Phyllanthus amarus and vitamin co-administration on antioxidant status of experimental mice infested with Plasmodium berghei

Objective The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic effect of Xingnao kaiqiao acupuncture combined with butylphthalide sodium chloride injection on acute cerebral infarction and its effect on the levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH). Methods 120 patients with acute cerebral infarction who were treated in our hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into two groups. The control group was treated with sodium butylphthalide chloride injection, and the study group was treated with Xingnao kaiqiao acupuncture combined with sodium butylphthalide chloride injection. Results After treatment, the levels of neurotransmitters, the TTP and RI and MDA in both groups decreased, and the Qmean, CBV values, and the levels of SOD and GSH increased, and the changes of index in the study group were more significant than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the NIHSS score and syndrome score of the two groups decreased, the MMSE score increased, the NIHSS score and syndrome score of the study group decreased more significantly than that of the control group, and MMSE score increased more significantly than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of clinical efficacy, the total effective rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Xingnao kaiqiao acupuncture combined with butylphthalide sodium chloride injection is effective in patients with acute cerebral infarction. It can improve the level of neurotransmitters and cerebral blood flow perfusion and inhibit the abnormal expression of MDA, SOD, and GSH.

Objective: The production of reactive oxygen species in exercise causes oxidative stress which disturbs the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, causing destructive effects on cells. The present study aims to investigate the effect of three types of massage (Swedish, Russian, Thai) on serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) following one session of exhaustive exercise. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 48 female futsal players aged 17-22 years in Zahedan, Iran who were selected using a purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into four groups of Swedish massage (Long strokes with pressing and tapping using hands), Russian massage (Medium to high pressure), Thai massage (Pressure to certain parts of the body) and Control. The exercise program was based on Bruce protocol. Serum levels of MDA, GPX and SOD were measured by before and immediately after exercise and after massage. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, considering a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: In all three types of massage, there was a significant decrease in serum level of MDA (0.22±0.08), and a significant increase in GPX (1.84±0.46) and SOD (10.02±2.86) levels after exhaustive (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the control group. Conclusion: It seems that Russian, Thai, and Swedish types of massage can affect the serum levels of the MDA (as an oxidative stress marker) and the antioxidant enzymes of GPX and SOD during the post-exercise recovery period.

This article aims to investigate the effect of Zhuyu Pills on atherosclerosis(AS) and decipher the underlying mechanism. The mouse model of AS was established by feeding with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. The 50 successfully modeled mice with the apolipoprotein E knockout(ApoE~(-/-)) were assigned by the random number table method into 5 groups(n=10): model, low-, medium-, and high-dose(130.54, 261.08, 522.16 mg·kg~(-1), respectively) Zhuyu Pills, and atorvastatin calcium(10.40 mg·kg~(-1)). Ten C57BL/6J mice were selected as the blank group. The blank group and model group were administrated with an equal volume of normal saline, and other groups were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. At the end of drug intervention, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was employed to observe the pathological changes of fat in the aorta, liver, and epididymis of mice, and the proportion of aortic plaque area, fat area in epididymis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score(NAS) were calculated. Lipid and collagen deposition in the aorta was observed by oil red O staining and Masson staining, respectively, and the proportions of lipid and collagen deposition areas were calculated. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), and iron ion were measured by colorimetry. The expression of cyclooxygenase 2(COX2), ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1), cystine/glutamate reverse transporter solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11), and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) in the aorta was detected by the immunofluorescence assay. The level of tumor protein 53(p53) in the aorta was detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein levels of p53 and SLC7A11 in the aorta were determined by Western blot. The mRNA levels of p53, SLC7A11, GPX4, FTH1, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2(PTGS2), and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 1(NOX1) in mouse aorta were determined by real-time PCR. The results showed that compared with the blank group, the model group showcased enlarged aortic plaque area, increased collagen fiber deposition, liver lipid deposition, and lipid droplets, and enlarged epididymal adipocytes. In addition, the modeling elevated the levels of iron ion and MDA and lowered the levels of SOD and GSH-Px in the serum, promoted the expression of p53 and COX2, down-regulated the protein and mRNA levels of FTH1, SLC7A11, and GPX4, and up-regulated the mRNA levels of PTGS2 and NOX1 in the aorta. Compared with the model group, low-, medium-, and high-dose Zhuyu Pills and atorvastatin calcium reduced the aortic plaque area, collagen deposition, liver lipid deposition, lipid droplets, and epididymal adipocyte volume, lowered the levels of iron ion and MDA and elevated the levels of SOD and GSH-Px in the serum, inhibited the expression of p53 and COX2, up-regulated the protein and mRNA levels of FTH1, SLC7A11, and GPX4, and down-regulated the mRNA levels of PTGS2 and NOX1 in the aorta. In conclusion, Zhuyu Pills exert definite therapeutic effect on aortic plaque in AS mice by regulating the p53/SLC7A11 signaling pathway to alleviate oxidative damage and inhibit ferroptosis.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of meglumine adenosine cyclosphosp (MAC) on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Twenty four healthy rabbits were randomly divided into control group (n=6), I/R group (n=6), MAC pretreated group (n=6), and MAC treated group (n=6). Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model was made by separating and electrocoagulating vertebral arteries and clipping common carotid arteries in the latter 3 groups after anesthesia. The sham-operated group underwent vessel separation without clipping. I/R group was administered with nothing, while MAC pretreated group with MAC before ischemia, and MAC treated group with MAC just after ischemia. Blood was gathered from jugular vein before ischemia, and 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h after reperfusion for testing IL-8, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The brain tissue slice was observed by optical microscope. Results Compared to control group and before ischemia, the levels of IL-8 and SOD in serum were significantly increased and decreased, and the levels of MDA was significantly increased at 30 min after reperfusion in I/R group; the levels of IL-8 and MDA in serum were significantly increased, and the levels of SOD in serum was significantly decreased at 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion in I/R group. The levels of IL-8 in serum was less at 30 min and 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion in MAC pretreated group than in I/R group.At 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion, the levels of MDA in serum was less and the levels of SOD in serum was higher in MAC pretreated group than in I/R group. At 1 h and 2 h after reperfusion, the levels of IL-8 in serum were less and the levels of SOD in serum were higher in MAC treated group than in I/R group. The levels of MDA in serum were less at 2 h after reperfusion in MAC treated group than in I/R group. Compared to I/R group, pathological change was lighter in the MAC pretreated and MAC treated group. Conclusions MAC has a fine cerebral-protective effect and has no side effect. Key words: Cyclic AMP/PD; Brain ischemia/DT; Reperfusion injury/DT

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is one of the most common genetic diseases in the world. It is associated with oxidative stress which occurs as a result of HbS unstable character causing a rise in the formation of free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine some antioxidant enzymes activities among patients with SCD. We investigated the superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) levels among 60 children aged 1 - 14 years with SCD. Twenty-two age-matched non-SCD children served as control. The study subjects were divided into two groups; steady state A (n = 30) and vaso- occlusive crisis (VOC) B (n = 30). The SOD, and GPx levels were significantly lower among the SCD subjects compared to controls (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in the SOD and GPX levels between sickle cell disease patient in steady state (A) and those in crisis (B) (p = 0.998 and 0.555) respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the SOD and GPX levels between sickle cell disease patient in steady state (A) and non-sickle cell controls (p = 0.005 and 0.000) respectively as well as between sickle cell disease patient in VOC (B) and non-sickle cell controls (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in the SOD and GPX levels of sickle disease subjects based on age, gender, maternal level of educational attainment, occupational group and income (p = 0.629 and 0.476; p = 0.382 and 0.417; p = 0.450 and 0.314 and p = 0.397 and 0.762 and p = 0.553 and 0.929) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the SOD and GPX levels of sickle disease subjects of Hausa/Fulani extraction versus Yoruba (p = 0.714 and 0.856), between Hausa/Fulani extraction versus Igbo (0.917 and 0.486) and between Yoruba extraction versus Igbo (p = 0.740 and 0.965) respectively. This study confirms that SCD children have lower values of antioxidant enzymes compared to controls. SOD and GPX levels in sickle cell disease patient in steady state and vaso-occlusive crisis are significantly lower compared that of non-sickle cell controls. Patients with SCD may benefit from substances with antioxidant properties which can potentially reduce the complications associated with the disease.

Background and Objective: Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathological process where the temporary interruption and subsequent restoration of blood flow to the brain cause significant oxidative stress, exacerbating neuronal damage. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of pheophytin A, L-carnitine and melatonin using a rat model for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, focusing on their influence on oxidative stress markers, specifically malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male albino rats were assigned to six groups: Control, sham-operated, saline pretreated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and pheophytin A, L-carnitine, or melatonin pretreated I/R groups. The experimental procedure involved anesthetizing animals with thiopental sodium and performing bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries to induce ischemia for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 4 hrs. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged to separate serum and then diluted 1000-fold for analysis. Serum levels of SOD, GPx and MDA, were measured post-surgery using ELISA kits, with absorbance readings taken at 450 nm after several incubation and washing steps. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test in IBM SPSS v28, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Pheophytin A, L-carnitine and melatonin effectively protect against oxidative stress induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pre-treatment with these compounds led to significant increases in antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD and GPx) and a notable reduction in MDA levels. Conclusion: These findings suggest that all three compounds exhibit similar protective effects against oxidative stress in I/R injury, highlighting their potential as therapeutic strategies for ischemic brain disorders.

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis. Changes in the oxidative and anti-oxidative system and nitric oxide levels in brain tissue contribute to the development of symptoms related to HE and HE. Purpose of the study to reveal the alterations in oxidative, anti-oxidative system and nitric oxide levels in cirrhotic patients during and after hepatic encephalopathy periods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This was a randomized controlled double-blind study conducted in Erciyes University Hospital between 3 July 2010 and 30 March 2011. We investigated the oxidative and anti-oxidative stress parameters by quantification of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total thiol and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels in serum. We compared the group of patients with hepatic encephalopathy, post-hepatic encephalopathy (clinically recovered) and control groups (healthy control). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Thirty hepatic encephalopathy patients were studied. Serum levels of nitric oxide and xanthine oxidase were statistically significantly high in the hepatic encephalopathy group according to control group (p&amp;lt;0.031, and p&amp;lt;0.001, respectively). Serum thiol levels were significantly low in hepatic encephalopathy patients than the controls (p&amp;lt;0.001). Total oxidant capacity, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels were not significantly different in hepatic encephalopathy group than the controls. Serum thiol levels were low and serum NO levels were high in recovered clinically from hepatic encephalopathy group according to control group currently (p&amp;lt;0.001, p&amp;lt;0.001, respectively). Total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase levels were similar in both groups (p&amp;gt;0.05). Total antioxidant capacity and especially xanthine oxidase levels were significantly decreased in recovered clinically from hepatic encephalopathy group compared to hepatic encephalopathy group (p&amp;lt;0.05, p&amp;lt;0.001, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Oxidative system, in systemic circulation, is activated during hepatic encephalopathy and changes in XO level during and after hepatic encephalopathy is very different. This parameter may be a potential marker in differential diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy from other coma causes. Further investigation is needed.&lt;/p&gt;

The effects of mercuric chloride (Hg) on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in different organs of mice (CD-1) were evaluated. Mice were exposed (2 days/week) to 0.0 (control), 0.8 (low) and 8.0 (mid) and 80.0 (high) gHg/kg/day for 2 weeks. The high dose group was excluded from the study due to high mortality. LPO levels in kidney, testis and epididymus at low and mid doses; GR and GPx levels in testis at mid dose; SOD levels in brain and testis at both doses, liver and epididymus at mid dose; GSH levels in testis at both doses were significantly increased compared to their controls. However, the GR levels in kidney at both doses and in epididymus at mid dose; GPx levels in kidney and epididymus and SOD levels in kidney at both the doses; GSH levels in epididymus at mid dose were significantly decreased compared to their control. Body weight gain and food efficiency were significantly reduced (<0.05) in mid dose. These results indicated that Hg treatment enhanced LPO in all tissues, but showed significant enhancement only in kidney, testis and epididymus suggesting that these organs were more susceptible to Hg toxicity. The increase in antioxidant enzyme levels in testis could be a mechanism protecting the cells against reactive oxygen species.

Introduction: The aim of the present study is to profile the serum antioxidative enzymes, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in Type II diabetes mellitus patients in comparison to healthy volunteers in the South Indian population.Methodology: A prospective, observational, case–control study was conducted for 1 year with a total of 120 patients including 90 Type II diabetes patients (case group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group). Blood was collected from these volunteers, and serum levels of CAT, GPx, and SOD were estimated. In addition, they were also monitored for the fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and postprandial blood glucose. Data were statistically analyzed applying unpaired t-test and Pearson correlation with the statistical significance of p&lt;0.05.Results: The diabetes patient group showed significant higher levels of glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose (p&lt;0.0001). There was asignificant lower level in the RBC levels of superoxide dismutase in case group compared to control group 3859.00±381.8 (mean+SD) and 5862.7±209.45 (mean+SD) Units per gram Hb, (t-value 27.35, p-Value &lt;0.0001). Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase RBC levels also showed significant lower levels in the case group compared to the control group (catalase 212.7±19.08 (mean±SD) and 396.47±10.83 (mean±SD) Units per gram Hb; T value=50.07 and p&lt;0.0001)(Glutathione peroxidase11.7 ±01.09 (mean +SD) and 18.6 ± 01.00 (mean +SD) Units per gram Hb; t value=30.26 and p&lt;0.0001).Conclusion: A significant reduction in serum levels of antioxidative enzymes, CAT, GPx, and SOD was observed in the South Indian Type II diabetes patient population.