Assessment of renewable energy and energy efficiency plans in Thailand’s industrial sector

Long-term energy savings and GHG mitigations in Thailand’s building sector: impacts of energy efficiency plan

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

BackgroundThe Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Thailand intends to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20 to 25% from the projected business as usual level by 2030 with the deployment of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency improvement measures in both the supply and demand sectors. However, in order to contribute towards meeting the long-term goal of the Paris Agreement to stay well below 2 °C, ambitious mitigation efforts beyond 2030 are needed. As such, it is necessary to assess the effects of imposing more stringent long-term GHG reduction targets in Thailand beyond the NDC commitment.MethodsThis paper analyses the macroeconomic effects of limiting the GHG emissions by using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model on Thailand’s economy during 2010 to 2050. Besides the business as usual (BAU) scenario, this study assesses the macroeconomic effects of ten low to medium GHG mitigation scenarios under varying GHG reduction targets of 20 to 50%. In addition, this study also assesses three different peak emission scenarios, each targeting a GHG reduction of up to 90% by 2050, to analyze the feasibility of zero GHG emissions in Thailand to pursue efforts to hold the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, as considered in the Paris Agreement.ResultsAccording to the BAU scenario, the GHG emissions from the electricity, industry, and transport sectors would remain the most prominent throughout the planning period. The modeling results indicate that the medium to peak emission reduction scenarios could result in a serious GDP loss compared to the BAU scenario, and therefore, the attainment of such mitigation targets could be very challenging for Thailand. Results suggest that the development and deployment of energy-efficient and renewable energy-based technologies would play a significant role not only in minimizing the GHG emissions but also for overcoming the macroeconomic loss and lowering the price of GHG emissions.ConclusionsThe results reveal that without a transformative change in the economic structure and energy system of Thailand, the country would have to face enormous cost in reducing its GHG emissions.

Thailand's long-term GHG emission reduction in 2050: the achievement of renewable energy and energy efficiency beyond the NDC

Better information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is necessary to manage these emissions and identify responses that are consistent with the food security and economic development priorities of countries. Critical activity data (what crops or livestock are managed in what way) are poor or lacking for many agricultural systems, especially in developing countries. In addition, the currently available methods for quantifying emissions and mitigation are often too expensive or complex or not sufficiently user friendly for widespread use.The purpose of this focus issue is to capture the state of the art in quantifying greenhouse gases from agricultural systems, with the goal of better understanding our current capabilities and near-term potential for improvement, with particular attention to quantification issues relevant to smallholders in developing countries. This work is timely in light of international discussions and negotiations around how agriculture should be included in efforts to reduce and adapt to climate change impacts, and considering that significant climate financing to developing countries in post-2012 agreements may be linked to their increased ability to identify and report GHG emissions (Murphy et al 2010, CCAFS 2011, FAO 2011).

ABSTRACTThis study aims at the development of Thailand’s low-carbon society in 2030 by using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Extended Snap Shot model for analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation through renewable energy (RE) utilization. This article presents the potentials of RE in power generation, industrial, and transport sectors in Thailand for GHG mitigation in 2030. The deployment of the RE sources is used in the analyses with potentials of mini-hydro of 390 MW, wind power of 960 MW, solar power of 600 MW, biomass energy of 4,400 MW, biogas power of 144 MW, waste to power of 192 MW, bioenergy of 4,634 ktoe, and RE for thermal of 8,088 ktoe in 2030. According to the proposed development, the amount of GHG emissions is estimated based on business-as-usual (BAU) without mitigation measures and countermeasures with GHG mitigation options of adopted RE technologies available during 2005–2030. Results show that annual GHG emissions in the base year of 2005 are 185,983 kt-CO2. In 2030 the GHG emissions in the BAU scenario will increase to 563,730 kt-CO2 or 3.03 times higher than the base year 2005. The GHG emissions in the 2030 can be decreased dramatically to 443,043 kt-CO2, and accounted for 21.4% of GHG reduction by deployment of RE technologies.

Biochar has been extensively utilized to amend soil and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from croplands. However, the effectiveness of biochar application in reducing cropland GHG emissions remains uncertain due to variations in soil properties and environmental conditions across regions. In this study, the impact of biochar surface functional groups on soil GHG emissions was investigated using molecular model calculation. Machine learning (ML) technology was applied to predict the responses of soil GHG emissions and crop yields under different biochar feedstocks and application rates, aiming to determine the optimum biochar application strategies based on specific soil properties and environmental conditions on a global scale. The findings suggest that the functional groups play an essential role in determining biochar surface activity and the soil’s capacity for adsorbing GHGs. ML was an effective method in predicting the changes in soil GHG emissions and crop yield following biochar application. Moreover, poor-fertility soils exhibited greater changes in GHG emissions compared to fertile soil. Implementing an optimized global strategy for biochar application may result in a substantial reduction of 684.25 Tg year−1 CO2 equivalent (equivalent to 7.87% of global cropland GHG emissions) while simultaneously improving crop yields. This study improves our understanding of the interaction between biochar surface properties and soil GHG, confirming the potential of global biochar application strategies in mitigating cropland GHG emissions and addressing global climate degradation. Further research efforts are required to optimize such strategies.Graphical

Greenhouse gas emissions reduction in different economic sectors: Mitigation measures, health co-benefits, knowledge gaps, and policy implications

GHG Mitigation Potentials of Thailand’s Energy Policies to Achieve INDC Target

Different grazing management strategies change greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential in global grasslands

A diachronic study of greenhouse gas emissions of French dairy farms according to adaptation pathways

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America : Ultrasonic relaxation in aqueous acetic acid solution Jackopin, L.G., Yeager, E., 52 (September 1972) 831

The impact of uncertainties on predicted greenhouse gas emissions of dairy cow production systems

Is demand-side management environmentally beneficial? Analyzing the greenhouse gas emissions due to load shifting in electric power systems

The public health co-benefits that curbing climate change would have may make greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies more attractive and increase their implementation. The primary purpose of this chapter is to review the evidence on GHG mitigation measures and the related health co-benefits; identify potential mechanisms, uncertainties, and knowledge gaps; and provide recommendations to promote further development and implementation of climate change response policies at both national and global levels. Evidence of the effects of GHG abatement measures and related health co-benefits has been observed at regional, national, and global levels, involving both low- and high-income societies. GHG mitigation actions have mainly been taken in five sectors—energy generation, transport, food and agriculture, households, and industry—consistent with the main sources of GHG emissions. GHGs and air pollutants to a large extent stem from the same sources and are inseparable in terms of their atmospheric evolution and effects on ecosystems; thus, reductions in GHG emissions are usually, although not always, estimated to have cost-effective co-benefits for public health. Some integrated mitigation strategies involving multiple sectors, which tend to create greater health benefits, have also been investigated, and this chapter discusses the pros and cons of different mitigation measures, issues with existing knowledge, priorities for research, and policy implications. Findings from this study can play a role not only in motivating large GHG emitters to make decisive changes in GHG emissions, but also in facilitating cooperation at international, national, and regional levels to promote GHG mitigation policies that protect public health from climate change and air pollution simultaneously.