Assessment of pectin-coated magnetite nanoparticles in low-energy water desalination applications.

Hybrid membrane system for desalination and wastewater treatment : Integrating forward osmosis and low pressure reverse osmosis

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane separation technology. It is different from the well-studied pressure-driven membrane separation processes. The FO process is based on water transport under an osmotic pressure difference across a semi-permeable membrane. The distinct operating conditions lead to unique technical challenges during the exploitation of FO technology. According to a comprehensive literature investigation, one of the stringent barriers is lacking of effective FO membranes. The objectives of this research were to develop high performance FO membranes, and furthermore, to systematically study the mass transport and the governing mechanisms in FO process. Thin film composite (TFC) FO membranes with a tailored support structure were developed in this study. The membranes consisted of a highly porous substrate with finger-like pore structure, which was prepared via phase inversion, and a polyamide rejection layer synthesized by interfacial polymerization. The TFC FO membranes had small structural parameters due to the thin cross-section, low tortuosity, and high porosity of the substrates. The membrane rejection layers exhibited superior separation properties (higher water permeability and excellent selectivity) relative to commercial FO membranes. Under FO testing conditions, these membranes achieved high water flux while maintaining relatively low solute reverse diffusion. Comparison of the synthesized TFC FO membranes with commercial FO and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes revealed the critical importance of the substrate structure, with a straight finger-like pore structure preferred over a spongy pore structure to minimize internal concentration polarization (ICP), a unique and critical problem resulting in low water flux in the osmotically driven membrane processes. In addition, membranes with high water permeability and excellent selectivity are preferred to achieve both high FO water flux and low solute flux. The results proved that TFC membranes with a tailored porous substrate and rejection layer are promising for FO applications. In the study of polyamide rejection layer synthesis, the influence of monomer concentrations (i.e., m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) concentrations) on the membrane separation properties as well as the FO performance was systematically investigated. A strong trade-off between the water permeability and salt rejection of the membranes was observed, where reducing the MPD concentration or increasing the TMC concentration may result in a higher membrane permeability but a lower salt rejection. In FO tests, membranes with poor salt rejection had severe solute reverse diffusion, which enhanced the severity of ICP. It was found that the FO water flux was governed by both the membrane water permeability and solute rejection. For a membrane with higher water permeability but lower solute rejection, the reduced membrane frictional resistance was compensated simultaneously by the more severe solute-reverse-diffusion-induced ICP. The net effect on the FO water flux depends on the competition of these two opposing mechanisms. Under conditions where solute reverse diffusion may cause severe ICP (e.g., high draw solution concentration and high water flux level), membranes need to be optimized to achieve a high salt rejection even if this is at the expense of lower water permeability. In view of the importance of the water permeability and salt permeability on FO performance, a systematic comparison study of prevailing semi-permeable FO membranes with nanofiltration (NF)-like and RO-like separation properties in terms of flux performance and fouling behavior was conducted. Due to the crucial influence of solute reverse diffusion on FO water flux, the high-rejection RO-like FO membranes generally performed better than the NF-like counterparts in sodium chloride based FO tests. On the other hand, the high permeability of NF-like FO membranes could achieve higher water flux, when proper draw solutes were used to minimize draw solute leakage. Fouling tests suggested that the NF-like TFC FO membranes tended to be more fouling resistant due to their relatively smooth membrane surface. This work further elucidated the major mechanisms that govern the FO performance. These mechanisms were summarized as a frictional resistance loss mechanism (MR), solute-reverse-diffusion-induced ICP (MICP-Js), concentration of feed solutes (concentrative ICP or MICP-feed in the active-layer-facing-draw-solution orientation) and dilution of draw solutes (dilutive ICP or MICP-draw in the active-layer-facing-feed-solution orientation). These mechanisms are related to the properties of membrane, draw and feed solutions. This work led to a set of systematic criteria for the selection of FO membranes, draw solution and optimization of other operating conditions, of which the practicability was demonstrated in potential FO applications.

This study aimed to concentrate and recover resources from municipal wastewater with a novel forward osmosis (FO) system. The FO system used synthetic seawater as the draw solution (DS) to extract water from the feed solution (FS) (synthetic raw municipal wastewater). Because ammonium passed through the FO membrane from the FS to the DS, we cultivated an algal strain (Chlorella vulgaris) in the DS to remove and recover ammonium. For three consecutive FO cycles, the algal FO system removed 35.4% of the ammonium from the DS, increased the concentrations of COD and in the FS by 43.0%, and achieved a water flux of 11.59±0.49Lm-2 hr-1 . Throughout the FO cycles, the algal biomass concentration of the DS stayed at 606±29mgCOD/L due to simultaneous algal growth and DS dilution. This FO process may be feasible to implement for full-scale applications to concentrate wastewater and recover resources. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A novel forward osmosis (FO) system with an algal draw solution (DS) concentrated municipal wastewater and recovered resources (ammonium). Ammonium but not organic matter or phosphate diffused across the FO membrane from the feed solution (FS) to the DS. The algal FO system increased COD/phosphate concentration in the FS by 43.0% and removed 35.4% of ammonium from the DS. The water fluxes in the algal FO system and the control were 11.59 and 12.02Lm-2 hr-1 , respectively. The novel algal FO process has the potential to improve full-scale efficiency by concentrating municipal wastewater and recovering nutrients.

In order to ensure long-term sustainability of the reservoir, the gas industry in Qatar is faced with the challenge of reducing the volume of produced and process water (PPW) sent to disposal wells by 50% [1-3]. Recently, Qatargas initiated a project to recycle process water and thus, reduce disposal volumes using commercial advanced water treatment technologies [4]. One emerging technology, “osmotic concentration” (OC) has been identified that offers a low-energy alternative to conventional thermal or membrane volume reduction methods. Osmotic concentration is a membrane filtration process that mimics first step in a forward osmosis (FO) system. It requires a high salinity draw solution (DS) which passes on one side of a semi-permeable FO membrane while the feed passes on the other side. Water from the feed is drawn through the membrane, via natural osmosis, reducing the feed volume and increasing the volume of the draw solution. This paper summarizes the results of bench-scale volume reduction tests wit...

Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane process that occurs when solutions of different osmotic pressures are separated by a membrane which is selectively permeable to water. It is a process that drives water permeation across the membrane spontaneously even in the absence of hydraulic pressure difference across the membrane. FO has attracted lots of attention over the last decade and has been explored as a potential alternative to desalination, wastewater treatment and liquid food processing. Significant progress has been made in the development of high-performance FO membranes with high water flux and low reverse solute flux, particularly cellulosic membranes, thin-film composite (TFC) membranes and polyelectrolyte-based membranes. Yet, a few major challenges continue to hamper the widespread implementation of the process in the industry, mainly internal concentration polarization, reverse solute diffusion, membrane fouling, mechanical durability and draw solution regeneration. Most of these challenges are associated with membrane characteristics, which has significantly limited the efficiency of the FO process. To address these challenges, firstly, hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated from polyethersulfone (PES) via a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process and were used as substrates to prepare inner-selective TFC hollow fiber membranes via an interfacial polymerization (IP) process. The effect of the hollow fiber substrate fabrication conditions on the properties of the substrate and TFC membranes were briefly investigated. The FO performance of the TFC membranes were characterized by using 0.5 M NaCl and DI water as the draw and feed solutions. when the membrane was operated in the active layer-facing-feed solution (AL-FS) and active layer-facing-draw solution (AL-DS) configurations, water flux as high as 41.2 L/m2/h and 74.9 L/m2/h were achieved, while specific reverse solute flux were 0.11 g/L and 0.10 g/L, respectively. Subsequently, a novel double-skinned hollow fiber TFC FO membrane has been successfully fabricated. The FO membrane consisted of a one-step dual-layer substrate and a thin inner selective layer formed via the IP process. The substrate comprises a dense ultrafiltration (UF) outer layer and a relatively porous UF inner layer, both of which were constructed from PES by using a dual-layer co-extrusion technique. The fouling resistance of the double-skinned hollow fiber membrane was evaluated under various testing conditions to verify the viability of double-skinned hollow fiber membranes as a solution to membrane fouling in the FO process. Compared to the commercial and reported double-skinned FO membranes, the FO membrane developed in this thesis exhibited a higher permeate flux with humic acid solution as a feed solution. Furthermore, the double-skinned FO membrane was applied in concentrating activated sludge using 0.5 M NaCl as a draw solution. A permeate flux at 5.4 L/m2/h was achieved after 5-hour operation, which was higher than, or comparable to, those of the reported FO membranes. Membrane autopsies and foulant analysis suggested that the dense UF skin layer helped to reject larger-sized organic foulants (> 300 Da), which shed light on the importance of fabrication features and promising application of the double-skinned hollow fiber TFC FO membrane in sludge concentration. On the other hand, a series of characterization revealed that TFC hollow fiber membranes may experience significant compaction during the FO process despite the lack of applied pressure. Three TFC hollow fiber membranes were fabricated with varied water permeability to study the effect of the osmotic pressure on the TFC membranes. The TFC membranes were continuously tested in FO experiments for 24 h using DI water as feed and varied concentration of NaCl solutions as draw solutions, and their performances were evaluated again using fresh feed solutions. At the end of the FO experiments, all TFC membranes experienced water and salt flux decline to different extents. Visible changes in the cross-sectional morphology and surface topography of the TFC membranes were observed. These observations suggested that the occurrence of membrane compaction is strongly associated with the characteristics of the hollow fiber substrates that were used to prepare the TFC membranes and may be attributed to “negative pressure” build-up within the support layer of the TFC membranes.

Forward osmosis (FO) membrane was fabricated from acetylated nata de coco (NDC). Acetylation of NDC was done by subjecting it to dissolution by 2 concentrations (1% and 2%) of methylene chloride for 72-hours prior to solvent evaporation to form the FO membrane. Membranes were characterized in terms of thickness, hydrophilicity, morphology, and tensile strength. A laboratory-scale FO system was used to test the performance of modified NDC FO membrane in desalination by determination of water flux, salt flux, and salt rejection. The FO system employs three kinds of feed solutions (deionized (DI) water, 0.6 M NaCl, and seawater) and 2M sucrose as draw solution. The water permeability coefficient was also determined. The dried unmodified NDC sheet was used as control to check if the modified NDC can function as FO membrane. The DI water fluxes of 1.19 L/m2-h (LMH) and 0.67 LMH were recorded for 1% and 2% modified-NDC membranes, respectively. These values are lower compared to the 6.24 LMH observed with the dried unmodified NDC sheet. Water fluxes of 0.6 M NaCl solution and seawater are similar for both 1% and 2% modified-NDC membranes that ranges from 0.51 to 0.56 LMH. High salt rejections were observed for all feed solutions ranging from 91% to 97.9%. The tensile strengths of the membranes are 54.30 and 117.88 N/mm2 for the 1% and 2% modified-NDC membrane, respectively. These suggest that the modified FO-NDC membrane is suitable for FO process.

11 - Reverse osmosis and forward osmosis in integrated systems

Carbon nanotube-supported polyamide membrane with minimized internal concentration polarization for both aqueous and organic solvent forward osmosis process

We tested the possibility of energy-saving water treatment methods by using a pump-less forward osmosis (FO) and low-pressure membrane (LPM) hybrid process (FO-LPM). In this pump-less FO-LPM, permeate migrates from the feed solution (FS) to the draw solution (DS) through the FO membrane by use of osmotic pressure differences. At the same time, within the closed DS tank, inner pressure increases as the DS volume increases. By using the DS tank’s internal pressure, the LPM process works to re-concentrate the diluted DS, maintaining the DS concentration and producing clean water. In this study, a polymer - polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) was used as a draw solute. Based on the results of each individual portion of the process, the optimal range of the PSS DS was determined. The performance of the pump-less FO-LPM process was lower than that of a single process; however, we observed that the hybrid process can be operated without a pump for regeneration of a diluted DS. This research highlights the feasibility and applicability of pump-less FO-LPM processes using a polymeric DS for water treatment. Additionally, it is suggested that this novel process offers a breakthrough in FO technology that is often limited by operation and management cost.

Evaluation of forward osmosis as a pretreatment process for multi stage flash seawater desalination

A novel analysis of reverse draw and feed solute fluxes in forward osmosis membrane process

Trace organic solutes in closed-loop forward osmosis applications: Influence of membrane fouling and modeling of solute build-up

Improving water flux and salt rejection by a tradeoff between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of sublayer in TFC FO membrane

Comparison of flux behavior and synthetic organic compound removal by forward osmosis and reverse osmosis membranes

Influence of the process parameters on hollow fiber-forward osmosis membrane performances